北京世界田径锦标赛女子20km竞走冠军刘虹竞走技术的运动学分析

发布时间：2019-03-30 10:31

【摘要】：竞走项目有着其自身的技术特点,在田径运动中占据着一席之地。竞走是在一定距离里竞速的耐力周期性项目,要求运动员在保持一定速度的同时,还要注意技术动作的规范,避免犯规且有较好的观赏性。本文着重对我国女子20km竞走运动员刘虹在2015年北京世界田径锦标赛的竞走技术进行研究分析,以期找出刘虹竞走技术的不足之处,在日后的训练中加以改进,为2016年里约奥运会及今后的比赛取得优异成绩奠定基础。本文从三维运动学的视角,将刘虹比赛过程中完整的竞走技术按距离分阶段进行分析,通过每一阶段的指标参数来分析影响竞走的技术指标,为刘虹今后的训练比赛提供可靠的数据支撑。本文采用的研究方法有文献资料法、专家访谈法、定位三维摄像测量法、影像解析法和数理统计法,重点是影像解析法和三维摄像测量法,对刘虹竞走比赛技术现场拍摄后进行数据分析,得出可靠数据。通过研究得出以下结论:1刘虹在比赛过程中后半程速度明显快于前半程,说明后程耐力训练效果较好,体能情况有所改善。全程速度不是逐渐增加的,而是有波动的加速、减速,直至最后冲刺阶段出现最高速度,说明自身耐力情况与竞走技术的好坏同样影响着整体速度。刘虹整个竞走过程中采用的速度战术是先慢后快,在后半程提高速度进入冲刺对运动员有着更大的难度,对取得好的竞走成绩更加有利。2刘虹在比赛过程中步长和步频处于相对合理的范围,同时步长增大对步频快慢的影响较小,使整个竞走速度下降较小。同时刘虹在比赛过程中身体重心的垂直位移处于相对合理的范围,裁判员肉眼不会看出腾空现象的出现。在整个比赛中,刘虹的腾空时间多数控制在合理范围内,但在冲刺阶段也存在临界时间外的腾空,需要加强在高速冲刺下保持技术规范的能力。3刘虹在整个竞走过程中左单步和右单步中肘关节的角度相差不大,说明刘虹上肢有较均衡的摆动力度,减少了身体重心的左右晃动,肘关节角度处于合理变化范围内。上肢摆动半径的减小可以增加摆动速度,但是摆动半径过小同样会导致身体肌肉的紧张,会过多的消耗能量而且影响身体运动的形态。4刘虹在双支撑阶段两大腿夹角基本处于合理范围内,保证了竞走过程中步长的幅度,同时也对于步频基本没有影响。刘虹在竞走过程中的膝关节摆动角度相对处于合理的状态,很清晰的说明在竞走过程中没有曲腿现象。5髋关节的转动幅度也会相应适应速度的变化,刘虹的送髋技术相对较差,没能很好的配合竞走速度的增加,说明髋关节的灵活性不够好,造成了髋关节转动幅度增大的受限,不能满足竞走加速过程中步长的增加,限制了步长幅度。
[Abstract]:Race walking project has its own technical characteristics, and occupies a place in track and field. Race walking is an endurance periodic event in a certain distance, which requires athletes to pay attention to the specification of technical actions while maintaining a certain speed, so as to avoid fouls and have a good appreciation. This paper focuses on the research and analysis of the walking technique of Liu Hong, a Chinese female 20km walker in Beijing World Athletic Championships in 2015, in order to find out the shortcomings of Liu Hong's walking technique and improve it in the future training. To lay the foundation for the 2016 Rio Olympic Games and future competitions to achieve outstanding results. From the point of view of three-dimensional kinematics, this paper analyzes the complete walking technique of Liu Hong in different stages according to the distance, and analyzes the technical indexes that affect the race walking through the index parameters of each stage. Provide reliable data support for Liu Hong's future training competition. The research methods used in this paper include literature method, expert interview method, positioning three-dimensional camera measurement method, image analysis method and mathematical statistics method, with emphasis on image analysis method and three-dimensional camera measurement method. This paper analyzes the data of Liu Hong Race Walking Competition after shooting on the spot, and obtains the reliable data. The conclusions are as follows: (1) the speed of the second half of the race is obviously faster than that of the first half of the competition, which indicates that the latter half of the endurance training has a better effect and the physical condition has been improved. The whole course speed is not gradually increased, but has fluctuating acceleration, deceleration, until the final sprint stage appears the highest speed, indicating that their endurance and race walking technology is the same as good or bad impact on the overall speed. The speed tactics used by Liu Hong in the whole race walking process are slow first then fast, and it is more difficult for athletes to increase the speed to enter the sprint in the latter half of the road. (2) Liu Hong is in a relatively reasonable range in the course of competition. At the same time, the increase of step size has little effect on the speed and speed of walking, and makes the whole walking speed decrease less. At the same time, the vertical displacement of the center of gravity of Liu Hong is in a relatively reasonable range in the course of the competition, and the referee will not see the phenomenon of emptiness in the naked eye. Throughout the game, most of Liu Hong's flight time was controlled within a reasonable range, but there was also a flight outside critical time in the sprint phase. It is necessary to strengthen the ability to maintain technical specifications under the high-speed sprint. 3 during the whole race walk, Liu Hong has little difference in the angle of left and right middle elbow joints, indicating that Liu Hong has a balanced swing of the upper limb. Reduce the left and right sloshing of the body's center of gravity, elbow angle within a reasonable range of changes. A decrease in the swing radius of the upper limb can increase the speed of the swing, but too small a swing radius can also lead to tension in the muscles of the body. Liu Hong can consume too much energy and affect the shape of body movement. 4 Liu Hong is in a reasonable range at the angle between two legs in the double support stage, which ensures the step size in the walking process, and has no effect on the walking frequency at the same time. Liu Hong's knee swing angle in the walking process is relatively reasonable, which clearly shows that there is no leg bending phenomenon in the walking process. The rotation amplitude of the 5 hip joints will also adapt to the change of speed. Liu Hong's hip-feeding technique is relatively poor, and can not match the increase of walking speed well, which shows that the flexibility of hip joint is not good enough, which limits the increase of rotation amplitude of hip joint, and can not meet the increase of step size in the acceleration process of race walking. The step size is limited.
【学位授予单位】：首都体育学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：G821

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