2016年里约夏季奥运会现代五项运动员成绩结构研究

发布时间：2019-07-01 20:35

【摘要】：随着世界现代五项规则的不断变化,对现代五项新规则的适应程度及现代五项运动发展趋势研究已成为各国学者的研究重点。运动成绩是运动员参加比赛的结果,既是对训练和比赛的效果进行诊断的客观标准,也是确定该项目制胜对策的重要依据。在此背景下,现代五项运动成绩分布是否有新的特征?单项成绩之间关系如何,是此消彼长还是相互促进;各单项的成绩与总成绩关系如何?我国选手所处的位置?这些运动成绩特征是制定训练和比赛计划的重要依据。通过对2016年里约热内卢夏季奥林匹克运动会现代五项运动员成绩特征的研究,从中发现规律和不足,寻找影响我国选手夺得奖牌的某些训练学原因,改进下一阶段的训练和比赛质量。进一步丰富、完善现代五项运动训练理论,为提高我国乃至世界现代五项运动成绩提供理论依据。本研究以2016年里约热内卢夏季奥运会现代五项参赛运动员决赛时的运动成绩为研究对象,其中男子36名,女子36名。综合运用文献法、数理统计法对运动成绩特征进行研究,主要采用相关分析、聚类分析、判别分析对获得的数据进行分析。结果:1)现代五项运动成绩分布特征。男子现代五项运动员的总分、击剑、游泳、马术以及跑射联项的偏态系数均呈左偏正态分布,其中总分、马术和跑射联项这3项左偏分布相对严重,击剑和游泳成绩的偏态系数接近正态分布,男子马术有4名运动员马术成绩取消(EL);女子现代五项运动员的总分、击剑、游泳、马术以及跑射联项的偏态系数中总分、马术和跑射联项这3项也是左偏分布相对严重,女子马术也有6名运动员马术成绩取消(EL)。2)现代五项运动成绩相关分析。男子现代五项总分与各单项得分,除击剑外(P=0.117),均呈显著相关(P0.05),各单项与总分相关强度由大到小依次是马术、游泳、跑射联项、击剑。具体来看,各单项之间马术与游泳、跑射联项相关显著,其他单项相关性不强;女子现代五项总分与游泳、马术单项得分显著相关(P0.05),但与击剑(P=0.313)、跑射联项(P=0.103)单项得分相关性相对较弱,各单项与总分相关强度由大到小依次是马术、游泳、跑射联项、击剑。具体来看,各单项之间除马术与跑射联项相关显著外,其他各单项相关性不强。采用偏相关统计方法对各项目间的相关关系进一步深析,从偏相关系数来看,击剑与游泳、击剑与马术、击剑与跑射联项、游泳与马术、游泳与跑射联项的成绩几乎没有相关性;而马术与跑射联项的成绩密切相关。3)现代五项运动成绩等级评判。男子现代五项运动员第一类和第三类相比,差距主要在击剑,第一类运动员击剑成绩相对更好,但跑射联项第三类要稍好一些,第二类较之于其他两类各项均差。我国男子现代五项2名选手一位居于第三类,一位居于第一类。表明他们努力的重点在击剑和跑射联项上。女子现代五项运动员第三类与第一类相比,击剑、游泳、马术均优于第一类,但跑射联项第一类要好于第三类,第二类游泳好于第一、第三类,其他均差。我国女子现代五项2名选手均为第三类,表明她们努力的重点在跑射联项上。4)中、外优秀男、女现代五项运动员成绩结构比较。世界优秀运动员各项得分比例由高到低的顺序是跑射联项→游泳→马术→击剑;我国优秀运动员各项得分比例由高到低的顺序是跑射联项→游泳→马术→击剑。我国选手游泳和马术明显高于国外优秀选手,击剑、跑射联项均低于世界优秀选手的得分比例。世界优秀运动员各项得分比例由高到低的顺序是跑射联项→游泳→马术→击剑;我国优秀运动员各项得分比例由高到低的顺序是跑射联项→马术→游泳→击剑。我国选手除游泳外,击剑、马术和跑射联项均高于国外优秀选手。我国男、女优秀选手成绩结构与世界优秀选手之间存在着明显的差异。结论:1)男、女现代五项运动员总分与各单项成绩特征主要呈左偏分布,得分高的选手较多,比赛较为激烈;2)男子单项成绩与总分相关强度由大到小依次是马术、游泳、跑射联项、击剑;女子单项成绩与总分的相关性由大至小依次是马术、游泳、跑射联项、击剑。可参照上述关联强度进行训练;3)男运动员各项目之间击剑与游泳、击剑与马术、击剑与跑射联项、游泳与跑射联项的成绩几乎没有相关性,而游泳与马术、马术与跑射联项的成绩密切相关;女运动员各项目之间击剑与游泳、击剑与马术、击剑与跑射联项、游泳与马术、游泳与跑射联项的成绩几乎没有相关性;而马术与跑射联项的成绩密切相关;4)我国男子现代五项的弱项由马术和跑射联项变成了击剑和跑射联项,女子现代五项的弱项由击剑和马术变成了跑射联项。建议:1)在今后的训练中,中国选手男子应加强击剑和跑射联项的得分能力,女子应加强跑射联项的得分能力;2)要善于寻找现代五项的共性规律,促进训练效益最大化;3)要转变现代五项选材观念,制定科学、客观的选材体系,选拔优秀后备人才。
[Abstract]:With the changing of the modern five rules of the world, the study of the adaptation degree of the modern five new rules and the development trend of the modern pentathlon has become the research focus of the scholars. The result of the athletes' participation in the competition is not only the objective criterion for the diagnosis of the effect of the training and the competition, but also the important basis for determining the winning strategy of the project. Is there a new feature in the distribution of the five modern sports scores in this context? How is the relationship between the individual achievements and the relationship between the individual achievements and the overall achievement? The location of our competitors? These athletic performance characteristics are an important basis for the development of training and competition plans. Through the study of the performance characteristics of the modern pentathlon of the Olympic Games in the summer of Rio de Janeiro in 2016, we find out the law and the deficiency, and find some training reasons which affect the Chinese athletes to win the medals, and improve the training and the quality of the competition in the next stage. Further enriching and perfecting the modern five sports training theory provides a theoretical basis for improving the five sports achievements in China and the world. This study is based on the results of the sports of the five Olympic athletes in the summer Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro,2016, including 36 men and 36 women. In this paper, the literature method and the mathematical statistics method are used to study the characteristics of the sports performance, and the data obtained by the relevant analysis, cluster analysis and discriminant analysis are mainly used. Results:1) The distribution characteristics of the five modern sports scores. The total score of five modern athletes, fencing, swimming, equestrian and the off-state coefficient of the running-shooting joint are distributed in the left-normal distribution, with the total score, equestrian and running-shooting joint being relatively serious, the skewness coefficient of the fencing and swimming performance is close to the normal distribution, The equestrian performance of the men equestrian has been cancelled (EL); the total score of the women's modern pentathlon, fencing, swimming, equestrian, and the off-state coefficient of the running-shooting joint are the total scores, and the three items of equestrian and running-shooting are also relatively serious, In that women's equestrian, there are six athlete's equestrian performance cancel (EL).2) the analysis of the achievement of the modern pentathlon. The total score of the men's modern pentathlon and the individual scores, in addition to the fencing (P = 0.117), were significantly correlated (P = 0.05). The related intensity of each individual and the total score was in the order of equestrian, swimming, running and fencing. In particular, the equestrian and swimming of the individual items were related to swimming and running, and the other single correlation was not strong; the total score of the women's modern pentathlon and the single score of swimming and equestrian events was significantly correlated (P0.05), but the correlation with the single score of the fencing (P = 0.313) and the running-shooting joint (P = 0.103) was relatively weak. The relevant intensity of each item and total score is from big to small, in order of equestrian, swimming, running, and fencing. In particular, there is a strong correlation between the individual items in addition to the equestrian and running-out items, and the other single-item correlation is not strong. The correlation between the items is further analyzed by the bias correlation statistical method, and from the partial correlation coefficient, the fencing and swimming, fencing and equestrian, fencing and shooting, swimming and equestrian events have little relevance to the results of the swimming and running-shooting; The equestrian events are closely related to the performance of the race. Compared with the first category and the third category of the modern pentathlon, the difference is mainly in the fencing, the first category of the athletes' fencing performance is relatively better, but the third category of the second category is slightly better, and the second category is less than the other two categories. In that third category, one of the five modern men's modern pentathlon is in the third category, one in the first category. The key to their efforts is to focus on fencing and shooting. Compared with the first category, the third category of the women's modern pentathlon is superior to the first category, but the first category is better than the first category, and the second type of swimming is better than the first category, the third category and the other. Chinese women's modern pentathlon is the third category, which shows that the focus of their efforts is in the run-up (4). The results of the five modern athletes in the middle and outside are compared with the results of the five modern athletes. The high-to-low order of the world's excellent athletes is to run-shooting, swimming, equestrian, and fencing; the high-to-low order of the excellent athletes in China is to run and run the joint, swimming, equestrian, and fencing. The swimming and equestrian events in our country are obviously higher than that of the excellent players in the world, and the fencing and running-out items are lower than that of the world's excellent players. The high-to-low order of the world's excellent athletes is to run-shooting, swimming, equestrian, and fencing; the high-to-low order of the excellent athletes in China is to run and shoot the joint, the equestrian, the horsemanship, and the sword. In addition to swimming, China's athletes are higher in fencing, equestrian and running-shooting than in foreign countries. There is a clear difference between the performance structure of the male and female and the best player in the world. Conclusion:1) The total score of the five modern athletes and the individual performance characteristics of the male and female is mainly in the left-handed distribution, the number of the players with high scores is more, the competition is more intense,2) The relative intensity of the individual achievement and the total score of the man is from big to small, in order of equestrian, swimming, running and shooting, and fencing; The correlation between the individual achievement and the total score of women is from big to small, in order of equestrian, swimming, running, and fencing. (3) The results of fencing and swimming, fencing and equestrian, fencing and shooting of male athletes have little relevance, while swimming is closely related to the achievements of equestrian, equestrian and running-shooting; The results of fencing and swimming, fencing and equestrian, fencing and running-shooting, swimming and equestrian, swimming and running-out of the female athletes have little relevance, and the equestrian events are closely related to the results of the running-shooting; 4) The weak term of the modern pentathlon of the Chinese man was changed from the equestrian and the running-shooting to the fencing and running-shooting, and the weak items of the five modern women were changed from fencing and equestrian to run-out. Suggestion:1) In the future training, Chinese athletes should strengthen the scoring ability of fencing and shooting, and the women should strengthen the scoring ability of running and shooting;2) Be good at finding the common law of the modern pentathlon, and promote the maximum training benefit; 3) To change the modern five-grade material selection concept, set up a scientific and objective material selection system, and select excellent backup talents.
【学位授予单位】：江西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：G888.2

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