美国公司页岩气开发的环境影响及其对策

发布时间：2018-02-26 18:38

本文关键词： 页岩气发展水力压裂环境污染美国油气公司政策框架　出处：《中国地质大学（北京）》2014年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：页岩气作为非常规天然气，其在世界不同地区受到了广泛关注。为解决未来能源危机页岩气必会被开采。在能源消耗中页岩气的消耗也在逐渐增长。美国能源信息管理局预计截止2035年美国近一半的天然气将来源于页岩气，据2010年的报告，美国页岩气占其1800万亿方天然气产量的一半。页岩气将满足未来能源需求中起着主要作用；但是从另一个角度看，开采页岩气的对环境以及人类健康的消极影响也给予我们警示。这得归因于其低开采率和分散性特征，页岩气的开采比起常规天然气的开采更为复杂等。水力压裂已经促进了美国页岩气的开采，然而水力压裂水源面临着巨大的威胁，且水力压裂对空气污染也起重要影响，甲烷和其他挥发性有机化合物也影响了空气质量。目前已有14000多家油气公司在美国进行开采，其中上百家涉猎于非常规天然气的开发。页岩气的开采、处理以及储运都从不同层面上对环境造成了影响。本研究了怎么样去分析和评估页岩气开发对环境的影响和怎么去降低其对环境的影响。此次研究涵盖了对美国多家油气公司的调研，这些油气开发污染了地表水、地下水，空气，危险人类健康和生态环境等。案例研究中如切萨皮克能源公司，埃克森美孚和哈里伯顿公司和其他小公司对环境的影响程度是可以评估的。这些公司多次受到了来自能源环保局和其他机构的罚款。通过不同案例研究，本研究发现水力压裂是水污染的主要原因。对过去的气体排放研究的评估显示甲烷、苯、甲苯和其它空气有害污染物质存在于临近的含气盆地中。类似苯的空气有害污染物对人体健康有很大的危害，，而其他的空气有害污染物也是诸如血小板减少症，骨髓损伤，全血细胞减少症和白血球减少症等慢性病发作的原因。本研究还同时从技术和管理方面构想了一个对策的政策框架，并建议监管部门去落实这些标准或条例来减少环境冲击。把地表水，地下水和空气质量的不同标准告知公众，研究和开发的标准一直在努力使页岩气开发的潜在威胁降到最低，美国公司被要求遵守这些标准和条例。技术进步，创新发明，全面地被监管部门监督着，设定新的技术标准和法律，州政府和联邦政府的认识和建议，技术和学术上的专业人士，民间团体以及经营者的最终优化实践，这些措施能够缓和环境危机。需要源于全方位考虑的政策来确保可持续发展的工业去维持经济增长和为了人类健康的绿色环境。
[Abstract]:Shale gas as unconventional natural gas, It has received widespread attention in different parts of the world. Shale gas consumption is also increasing in energy consumption in order to solve the future energy crisis. The energy information administration expects the United states to end 2035. Nearly half of the gas will come from shale gas, Shale gas in the United States accounts for half of its 1 trillion-side natural gas production, according to a 2010 report. Shale gas will play a major role in meeting future energy needs; but from another perspective, the negative environmental and human health effects of shale gas production are also a warning. Shale gas extraction is more complex than conventional natural gas extraction. Hydraulic fracturing has promoted the exploitation of shale gas in the United States. However, hydraulic fracturing water sources face a huge threat, and hydraulic fracturing also plays an important role in air pollution. Methane and other volatile organic compounds also affect air quality. More than 14000 oil and gas companies have been drilling in the United States, hundreds of them in the development of unconventional natural gas and shale gas. Treatment as well as storage and transportation have had an impact on the environment at different levels. This paper studies how to analyze and evaluate the impact of shale gas development on the environment and how to reduce its impact on the environment. This research covers a number of oil and gas companies in the United States, which pollute surface water and groundwater. Air, hazardous human health and ecological environment. Case studies such as Chesapeake Energy, ExxonMobil and Halliburton and other small companies, which have been fined several times by the Energy Environment Agency and others, can assess the impact on the environment. Through different case studies, this study found that hydraulic fracturing is the main cause of water pollution. Toluene and other harmful air pollutants are present in nearby gas-bearing basins. Benzene-like air pollutants are harmful to human health, while other harmful air pollutants are also such as thrombocytopenia and bone marrow damage. Causes of attacks of chronic diseases such as whole blood cytopenia and leukopenia. The study also envisions a policy framework for policy responses in terms of technology and management, and recommends that regulatory authorities implement these standards or regulations to reduce environmental shocks and inform the public of the different standards for surface, groundwater and air quality. U.S. companies are required to comply with research and development standards that have been working to minimize potential threats to shale gas development. Technological progress, innovation and invention, being overseen by regulatory authorities, setting new technical standards and laws, state and federal awareness and advice, technical and academic professionals, The ultimate optimization practices of civil society and operators, these measures can alleviate the environmental crisis. The need for a comprehensive policy to ensure sustainable development of industry to maintain economic growth and a green environment for human health.
【学位授予单位】：中国地质大学（北京）
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：X322;F416.22

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