西安市化学农药安全使用现状与对策研究

发布时间：2019-06-12 13:37

【摘要】：化学农药安全使用关系到农业生产、农产品安全、人畜安全、环境安全、生态安全以及可持续发展等诸多方面。化学农药安全使用面临的挑战，主要表现在3个方面：1产业结构调整与种植模式的改变；2IPM跟不上时代的发展；3化学农药经销商的愿望和农民的愿望与环境问题的矛盾。针对此问题，本研究采用问卷调查、群众座谈、专家访谈等方法，，并结合搜集和查阅到的国内外大量资料及文献数据，对西安市化学农药安全使用现状、存在问题以及影响因素进行了深入分析探讨，期望为政府决策提供理论依据。研究发现：化学农药安全使用工作己经在西安市开展，通过制定化学农药安全使用推广工作的实施方案和操作规程，加强化学农药安全使用技术的宣传和培训，建立实验示范区，化学农药安全使用在西安市取得了较好的成果。尽管如此，西安市化学农药安全使用仍存在的主要问题：1、产业结构调整与种植模式改变，但农民使用化学农药的理念和方法未变。主要有：用药不科学、安全隐患大；防护不重视、不规范，甚至放弃保护；保管不妥当，不严密；药害与隐形药害逐年加重；农民在购买化学农药时，往往购买见效快且毒性强、残留大的药剂。2、IPM跟不上时代发展。主要表现在：无生态系统的整体观念、“预防为主、综合防治”的指导思想未能很好的贯彻实施，未能因时因地制宜，合理运用农业、生物、物理、化学的方法，及其他有效的生态手段控制病虫害，往往在病虫害爆发时，一味的使用化学农药，主张彻底的消灭有害生物种群；防治措施落后；组织化学农药培训及学习方面不够；施药器械和施药技术依然比较落后等。3、化学农药经销商和农民的愿望与环境问题的矛盾。主要有：经营人员业务素质普遍较低；化学农药经营场所和经营行为不规范；农民在防治过程中，喜欢使用价钱便宜见效快的化学农药，而大多数环境友好的化学农药见效慢、价格较贵，不受农民欢迎，环境友好型化学农药销售量不大，化学农药经销商在利益的驱动下，往往推销一些非低毒、低残留的药剂，以获取较大的利润为目的；在化学农药的管理方面：化学农药标签存在问题突出。针对西安市农业生产实际，借鉴国内外先进经验，提出如下改进措施和建议：1加强化学农药管理力度，强化标签标准化规范化管理，继续强化化学农药市场监督管理；2加强宣传和引导，提高农民的安全用药意识；3加强化学农药安全使用知识宣传和培训，理顺化学农药安全使用技术推广培训体系，提高农民安全使用化学农药技术水平；4完善农业推广体系，建立健全农产品安全标准体系和市场准入制度。
[Abstract]:The safe use of chemical pesticides is related to agricultural production, agricultural product safety, human and animal safety, environmental security, ecological security and sustainable development. The challenges faced by the safe use of chemical pesticides are mainly manifested in three aspects: (1) the adjustment of industrial structure and the change of planting mode; the failure of 2IPM to keep up with the development of the times; and (3) the contradiction between the wishes of chemical pesticide dealers and the wishes of farmers and environmental problems. In order to solve this problem, this study adopts the methods of questionnaire survey, mass discussion, expert interview and so on, and combined with a large number of domestic and foreign materials and literature data collected and consulted, analyzes and discusses the present situation, existing problems and influencing factors of the safe use of chemical pesticides in Xi'an City, hoping to provide a theoretical basis for government decision-making. It is found that the safe use of chemical pesticides has been carried out in Xi'an. Through formulating the implementation scheme and operation rules of the safe use of chemical pesticides, strengthening the propaganda and training of the safe use technology of chemical pesticides, and establishing the experimental demonstration area, the safe use of chemical pesticides has achieved good results in Xi'an. Nevertheless, there are still the main problems in the safe use of chemical pesticides in Xi'an: 1. The adjustment of industrial structure and the change of planting pattern, but the concept and method of using chemical pesticides by farmers have not changed. The main are: drug use is not scientific, safety hidden dangers are great; protection is not attached to, not standard, or even give up protection; improper custody, not strict; drug damage and invisible drug damage increased year by year; farmers in the purchase of chemical pesticides, often buy quick effect, strong toxicity, large residue of drugs. 2, IPM can not keep up with the development of the times. The main manifestations are as follows: the overall concept of no ecosystem, the guiding ideology of "prevention as the main factor, comprehensive control" has not been well implemented, failed to adapt to local conditions, reasonable use of agricultural, biological, physical, chemical methods, and other effective ecological means to control diseases and insect pests, often in the outbreak of diseases and insect pests, blindly use chemical pesticides, advocate the complete elimination of pest populations, control measures backward; The training and study of histochemical pesticides are not enough; the application equipment and application technology are still relatively backward and so on. 3. The desire of chemical pesticide dealers and farmers is in contradiction with environmental problems. The main contents are as follows: the business quality of the operators is generally low, the business place and behavior of chemical pesticides are not standardized, and the business behavior of chemical pesticides is not standardized. In the process of prevention and control, farmers like to use chemical pesticides with low price and quick effect, but most environmentally friendly chemical pesticides are slow, expensive, unpopular with farmers, and the sales volume of environmentally friendly chemical pesticides is not large. Chemical pesticide dealers, driven by interests, often promote some non-low toxicity and low residue pesticides for the purpose of obtaining greater profits. In the management of chemical pesticides: there are outstanding problems in the label of chemical pesticides. In view of the reality of agricultural production in Xi'an City and drawing lessons from the advanced experience at home and abroad, the following improvement measures and suggestions are put forward: (1) strengthening the management of chemical pesticides, strengthening the standardization and standardized management of labels, and continuing to strengthen the supervision and management of chemical pesticides market; (2) strengthening propaganda and guidance to improve farmers' awareness of safe drug use; (3) strengthen the propaganda and training of the knowledge of the safe use of chemical pesticides, straighten out the popularization and training system of the safe use technology of chemical pesticides, and improve the technical level of the safe use of chemical pesticides by farmers. (4) perfecting the agricultural extension system, establishing and perfecting the safety standard system and market access system of agricultural products.
【学位授予单位】：西北农林科技大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：F426.72;S48

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