中国商业银行对小微企业信贷融资问题研究

发布时间：2018-03-11 05:34

本文选题：小微企业　切入点：商业银行　出处：《对外经济贸易大学》2014年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：小微经济在我国整体经济体系中的重要性日益显著。从1990年以来，我国GDP保持了超过年平均9.8%的高速增长，在公有制经济得到长足发展和巩固的同时，非公有制经济特别是小微企业也保持了迅猛的发展势头，并且对中国整体经济发展提供了重要的支撑作用。相对于大中型企业，小微企业在紧跟市场需求、灵活调整经营机制方面具有天然优势，在保障充分就业、推动技术创新、克服劳动力成本不断上升方面具有不可替代的作用。当前我国正处在进一步优化经济结构、开展新型城镇化建设、向消费型社会转型重要时间节点，小微经济凭借其鲜明的特点，正发挥着越来越显著地作用。尽管国家和政府逐步重视小微企业融资问题，但是小微企业融资仍然十分困难是不争的事实。小微企业在经营过程中，资金短缺问题仍然是制约其发展的最主要原因之一。很多小微企业的融资很大程度上被限制在自我融资的狭小范围内，发展速度和发展潜力都受到严重制约。本文在总结前人研究成果的基础上，从经济学角度分析商业银行对小微企业“惜贷”的原因；通过对中国银行市场结构分析，分析市场集中度变化对小微企业贷款的影响；通过不同商业银行规模对小企业融资差异研究，探索不同类型商业银行对小企业的支持效率；通过XX银行小微企业信贷的经验分析，探求商业银行开展小微企业信贷的有效途径。通过研究本文有以下结论：第一，我国小微企业数量众多，分布行业广泛，但存在经营管理不规范、抗风险能力差等问题，小微企业金融服务也存在覆盖率低、渠道单一、供给不足等现象。本文通过运用供求关系理论分析，可以看出当前小微企业金融服务存在的巨大供需缺口。第二，从信贷配给的理论角度，对商业银行小微企业“惜贷”的原因进行分析。逆向选择和道德风险因素导致商业银行尽管有很多可贷资金，但出于风险控制的因素只能对小微企业谨慎放贷，因此，能获得银行放贷的企业比例仍然很小，出现小微企业融资难的局面就不足为奇了。第三，运用银行业市场结构理论，经过数据分析后指出，我国银行业集中度呈下降的趋势，伴随银行业集中度快速下降的过程中，小微企业贷款增长速度逐渐提高，其中，股份制商业银行的小微企业贷款增长速度明显高于国有大型商业银行的增长速度。第四，我国中小商业银行在对支持小微企业融资效率方面相比大型国有银行具有优势。首先，中小银行与客户地域联系密切，对本地企业比较了解，能够解决信息不对称，大型银行不具有这一优势。其次，中小银行在关系型贷款中具有优势，其扁平化的组织机构有利于对小微企业发放关系型贷款。最后，大型国有商业银行缺乏针对小微企业的贷款激励，对经营规模小、固定资产少、抵押物不足的小微企业，贷款标准比中小商业银行苛刻。第五，商业银行是小微企业金融服务的重要主体和供给来源，也是解决小微企业金融服务难题的关键所在。通过分析XX银行开展小微企业信贷经验，发现商业银行只有转变经营管理理念，进行差异化的市场定位，在战略、管理、营销、技术和人才等方面进行推动，加强能力建设，提高经营效率，降低服务成本，增加供给，才能为更多的小企业提供综合的金融服务，逐步解决小企业金融的供需缺口。本文创新之处主要体现在以下四点：第一，运用信贷配给理论，分析了商业银行对小微企业“惜贷”的原因。发现由于信息不对称的存在而引起的各类风险，总类上可以分为逆向选择和道德风险两种类型。这两种因素导致商业银行尽管有大量的可贷资金，但从强化风险控制的角度而选择对小微企业谨慎放贷，进而形成了小微企业融资难的状况。第二，银行业集中度下降会增加中小银行业行对小微企业信贷融资。本文通过实证分析发现，随着我国银行业集中度下降，国有银行和中小银行对小微企业的贷款总额呈增加的趋势，但存在中小银行对小微企业信贷的比例增长速度高于大型银行的态势。第三，大中小银行在支持小微企业信贷融资方面相对大型银行具有比较优势，也具有更高的效率。本文使用DEA方法研究商业银行规模结构对小微企业信贷融资的影响，将商业银行分为国有型银行、中小银行进行研究，验证大型银行和中小银行支持小微企业信贷融资效率存在差异性。第四，通过分析XX银行开展小微企业信贷经验，发现商业银行必须转变经营管理理念，进行差异化的市场定位，在战略、管理、营销、技术和人才等方面进行推动，加强能力建设，提高经营效率，降低服务成本，增加供给，，才能为更多的小企业提供综合的金融服务，逐步解决小企业金融的供需缺口。
[Abstract]:Small and micro economic importance in China's overall economy increasingly significant. Since 1990, China's GDP has maintained rapid growth for more than 9.8% years on average, in the public sector of the economy has got great development and consolidation of the non-public sector of the economy at the same time, especially Small and micro businesses also maintained a momentum of rapid development, and an important supporting role the Chinese on overall economic development.
Relative to the large and medium-sized enterprises, Small and micro businesses in keeping up with market demand, adjust the operating mechanism has a natural advantage, in full employment, promoting technological innovation, plays an irreplaceable role in overcoming the rising labor costs. At present our country is in the further optimization of the economic structure, to carry out the construction of the new urbanization, an important time the node transition to a consumer society, small and micro economy with its distinctive features, is playing an increasingly significant role.
Although the state and the government pay more attention to Small and micro businesses financing problems, but Small and micro businesses financing is still very difficult is an indisputable fact. Small and micro businesses in the business process, the shortage of funds is still the one of the main factors which restrict its development. Many Small and micro businesses financing were largely limited in a narrow range of self financing in the development speed and development potential are severely restricted.
Based on the summary of previous research, analysis of the causes of commercial banks to Small and micro businesses "credit crunch" from the angle of economics; through the analysis of the China bank market structure, analysis of market concentration changes in the micro enterprise loans to small influence; through the study of different commercial banks for small business financing scale differences, to explore the efficiency of different types of support commercial banks for small businesses; by XX bank Small and micro businesses credit analysis experience, exploring effective ways of commercial banks to carry out credit Small and micro businesses.
Through the study, we have the following conclusions:
First, a large number of China's Small and micro businesses, the distribution of a wide range of industries, but the management is not standardized, anti risk ability, Small and micro businesses in financial services are low coverage, single channel, the phenomenon of insufficient supply. By using the analysis of the relationship between supply and demand theory, we can see that the huge gap between supply and demand of small micro corporate finance services.
Second, from the angle of theory of credit rationing of commercial banks Small and micro businesses "credit crunch". Analyze the reason of adverse selection and moral risk factors leading to the commercial bank even though there are a lot of loanable funds, but only for factors of risk control of Small and micro businesses cautious lending, the proportion of enterprises to obtain bank lending still is very small, the financing difficulties Small and micro businesses and the situation will be not at all surprising.
Third, using the theory of structure of banking market, after data analysis pointed out that the degree of decreased concentration of China's banking industry, the rapid process is accompanied by a decline in the concentration of the banking industry in Small and micro businesses loans growth rate increased gradually, which Small and micro businesses joint-stock commercial bank loan growth rate was significantly higher than that of large state-owned commercial the bank's growth rate.
Fourth, small and medium-sized commercial banks in China compared to large state-owned banks to support small and micro enterprise financing efficiency has the advantages of small and medium-sized banks. Firstly, close regional contact with customers, to better understand the local enterprises, can solve the problem of information asymmetry, large banks do not have this advantage. Secondly, small and medium banks have advantages in relationship lending in the flattening of the organization, is conducive to the Small and micro businesses providing relationship lending. Finally, large state-owned commercial banks lack the Small and micro businesses loans to business incentives, small scale, less fixed assets, Small and micro businesses lack of collateral, lending standards than the small and medium-sized commercial banks demanding.
Fifth, the commercial bank is an important subject and the source of supply Small and micro businesses in financial services, the key is to solve the Small and micro businesses financial service problems. Through the analysis of the XX bank to carry out Small and micro businesses credit experience, found that commercial banks have to change the management philosophy, market positioning, the differences in strategy, management, marketing, technology and other aspects to promote talent, strengthen capacity building, improve operational efficiency, reduce service costs, increase supply, to provide comprehensive financial services to more small businesses, small business finance and gradually solve the gap between supply and demand.
The innovation of this article is mainly reflected in the following four points:
First, using the credit rationing theory, analyzed the reason of Commercial Bank of Small and micro businesses "credit crunch". Find all kinds of risk caused by information asymmetry, the total class can be divided into two kinds of adverse selection and moral hazard types. These two factors lead to the commercial bank as a large number of loanable funds. But from the perspective of strengthening the risk control and the choice of Small and micro businesses cautious lending, and the formation of the financing situation of Small and micro businesses.
Second degree drop will increase and small banks to Small and micro businesses credit financing concentrated banking industry. Through empirical analysis found that, as China's banking industry concentration is declining, the state-owned banks and small bank loans to small and micro enterprises showed an increasing trend, but there are small and medium-sized banks on credit growth in the proportion of Small and micro businesses faster than large banks of the situation.
Third, medium and small banks in support of Small and micro businesses credit financing relatively large banks have a comparative advantage, have higher efficiency. This paper uses the DEA method to study the commercial bank micro scale structure influence on small enterprise credit financing, commercial banks will be divided into state-owned banks, small banks, large banks and small verification bank credit financing support efficiency Small and micro businesses are different.
Fourth, through the analysis of the XX bank to carry out Small and micro businesses credit experience, found that commercial banks must change management concept, market positioning, the differences in strategy, management, marketing, technology and personnel and other aspects to promote, strengthen capacity building, improve operational efficiency, reduce service costs, increase supply, to provide comprehensive more small business financial services, and gradually solve the small business finance gap between supply and demand.

【学位授予单位】：对外经济贸易大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：F832.4;F276.3

【参考文献】