中国海关推进贸易便利化的政策研究
发布时间：2018-07-16 17:32
【摘要】：在国际贸易迅猛发展的今天,旨在简化和协调贸易程序与手续的贸易便利化问题已成为国际社会共同关注的热点议题和世界各国的共同诉求以及贸易协定的主要内容。作为一国进出境的监管机关,海关在推进贸易便利化的过程中发挥着举足轻重不可替代的作用,海关与跨境手续、跨境制度也被认为是贸易便利化问题的核心。近些年来,作为世界海关组织的重要成员,我国海关也在逐步重视对贸易便利化的推进,并采取了一系列的政策措施来推动贸易便利化。本文主要研究中国海关推进贸易便利化的相关政策及改进,主要研究内容及结论有:首先,在对海关推进贸易便利化的研究背景和相关文献分析之后,对世界贸易组织、世界海关组织、亚太经合组织等权威国际组织有关贸易便利化的研究内容及相关条约进行分析总结,在此基础上选取指标构建贸易便利化指标体系并进行指标得分的计算,包括基础设施、通关环境、规制环境及信息技术四个一级指标,每个一级指标下面对应若干相应二级指标。从2008年-2015年8年期间28个样本国家的指标得分情况来看,新加坡的贸易便利化水平最高,且大部分发达国家的贸易便利化水平都属于非常便利等级;包括中国在内的发展中国家和一些欠发达国家则多属于一般便利水平;还有一些国家如菲律宾则是不够便利水平。从8年的贸易便利化指数平均值来看,中国的贸易便利化水平排名不是很高,28个国家中排名第19位。其次,研究中国海关推进贸易便利化的具体政策。在对各国际协定如京都公约、全球贸易安全与便利标准框架及贸易便利化协定等中与海关有关的贸易便利化内容进行分析的基础上,将中国海关贸易便利化政策分为两大政策类别:海关通关监管政策和海关内部治理政策,其中,海关通关监管政策又包括区域通关一体化政策、分类通关政策、无纸化通关政策、单一窗口及内外部边境机构合作政策,海关内部治理政策具体包含透明度提升政策、规范收费政策和管理体制完善政策,两类政策相辅相成共同推进贸易便利化。再次,根据中国海关贸易便利化政策内容,选取包括通关环境指标、通关过程效率指标、进出口文件、进出口时间、进出口成本、规制环境、海关服务指数等各项政策衡量指标数据,对中国海关推进贸易便利化政策的现状及效果进行国际层面比较,除进出口成本指标外,其余指标都处于中等偏下的水平,部分指标位列最后几位。进一步结合调查问卷对国内情况进行了分析,发现我国海关各项通关监管政策仍需进一步推广和完善,海关内部管理体制也有待进一步变革,与企业合作伙伴关系尚未真正建立,与国内其他边境机构和国家海关合作不充分。接着仍然采用上述政策衡量指标,构建了面板数据引力模型,分别从国际和国内层面测算海关贸易便利化政策的影响。实证结果显示,进出口国通关环境和规制环境的改善都将促进两国之间出口额的增加;进出口国的通关时间、通关文件和通关成本则与两国的出口额成反比,且各项指标弹性都比较大。说明海关贸易便利化政策的各项衡量指标,对于两国之间出口贸易的影响是非常显著的,海关应当通过改善通关环境和规制环境、减少通关文件、缩短通关时间和降低通关成本来提高贸易便利化水平,为进一步完善海关贸易便利化相关政策提供了依据。最后借鉴主要发达国家海关推进贸易便利化的相关经验,结合我国的实际情况,提出我国海关应从通过加强信息化建设、健全风险管理体制,完善分类通关政策,进一步推进区域通关一体化政策,加强国内各部门协作,加快建立真正的单一窗口,深化无纸化通关改革等政策途径完善国内各项通关监管政策、提升监管效能;并通过转变管理理念、增强服务意识,增强政策法规及管理措施的透明度和规范性,以推进贸易便利化为导向推动海关组织机构变革及完善人员管理和培养体制等完善海关内部治理政策,营造透明良好的海关环境。
[Abstract]:Today, with the rapid development of international trade, the issue of trade facilitation aimed at simplifying and coordinating trade procedures and procedures has become a hot topic of common concern of the international community and the common demands of countries in the world as well as the main content of trade agreements. As a regulatory agency for a country's entry and exit, the customs have made the process of facilitating trade facilitation. With the important and irreplaceable role, the customs and cross-border formalities and cross-border systems are also considered to be the core of trade facilitation. In recent years, as an important member of the world customs organization, China's customs also gradually attaches importance to the promotion of trade facilitation and has adopted a series of policies and measures to facilitate trade facilitation. The main research contents and conclusions are as follows: first, after the analysis of the research background and relevant literature on the promotion of trade facilitation by customs, the research on trade facilitation in the world trade organization, the World Customs Organization and the APEC and other authoritative international organizations On the basis of the analysis and summary of the related treaties, the index system of trade facilitation and the calculation of index scores are selected on this basis, including the infrastructure, the customs clearance, the regulation of the environment and information technology four first level indicators, each level under the indicators corresponding to a number of phase two indicators. From the 28 samples during the 8 years of 2008 -2015. In terms of the country's indicators, the level of trade facilitation in Singapore is the highest, and the level of trade facilitation in most developed countries is very convenient; the developing countries, including China, and some less developed countries are generally in the general convenience level; and some countries, such as Philippines, are not convenient. From the average value of the 8 year trade facilitation index, China's trade facilitation level is not very high, and the 28 countries are ranked nineteenth. Secondly, it studies the specific policies of China's customs to promote trade facilitation. In the international agreements, such as the Kyoto Convention, the global trade safety and convenience standard framework and trade facilitation agreements, and the sea On the basis of the related contents of trade facilitation, China's Customs Trade Facilitation policy is divided into two major policy categories: customs clearance supervision policy and customs internal governance policy. The customs clearance regulation policy includes regional customs clearance policy, classified customs clearance policy, paperless customs policy, single window and inside. The policy of external border organization cooperation, the internal governance policy of the customs includes the transparency and promotion policy, the regulation of the policy of charge and the perfect policy of the management system. The two kinds of policies complement each other to promote trade facilitation together. Export documents, import and export time, import and export cost, regulatory environment, customs service index and other policy measurement indicators, the status and effect of China Customs to promote trade facilitation policies are compared at the international level. In addition to import and export cost indicators, the rest of the indicators are at the middle level, and some of the indicators are in the last few. Further combined with the questionnaire, the domestic situation was analyzed. It was found that the customs clearance supervision policies in China still need to be further promoted and perfected. The internal management system of customs needs to be further changed, the partnership with enterprises has not been really established, and the cooperation with other domestic border agencies and national customs is inadequate. Using the above policy indicators, a panel data gravitational model is constructed to measure the influence of the Customs Trade Facilitation policy from the international and domestic levels. The empirical results show that the improvement of the customs clearance environment and the regulatory environment of the import and export countries will promote the increase of the export volume between the two countries; the customs clearance time, customs clearance documents and customs clearance of the import and export countries. This is inversely proportional to the export of the two countries, and the elasticity of each index is relatively large. It shows that the impact of the measures on the Customs Trade Facilitation policy is very significant for the export trade between the two countries. The customs should reduce the customs clearance documents, shorten the customs clearance time and reduce the customs clearance costs by improving the customs environment and regulating the environment. To improve the level of trade facilitation and provide the basis for further improving the relevant policies of Customs Trade Facilitation. At last, drawing on the relevant experiences of the customs of the major developed countries to promote trade facilitation, and combining with the actual situation of our country, it is suggested that our customs should improve the system of risk management and improve the policy of classified customs clearance through strengthening the construction of information technology. Further promoting the policy of regional customs integration, strengthening the cooperation of various departments in China, speeding up the establishment of a real single window, deepening the reform of paperless customs clearance and improving the regulatory policies of customs clearance in China, and improving the effectiveness of supervision, and enhancing the awareness of service and transparency of policies and regulations and management measures by changing management concepts. In order to promote trade facilitation, promote the reform of the Customs Organization, improve the personnel management and training system, improve the internal governance policy of the customs, and create a transparent and good customs environment.
【学位授予单位】：对外经济贸易大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：F752.5
，
本文编号：2127110
[Abstract]:Today, with the rapid development of international trade, the issue of trade facilitation aimed at simplifying and coordinating trade procedures and procedures has become a hot topic of common concern of the international community and the common demands of countries in the world as well as the main content of trade agreements. As a regulatory agency for a country's entry and exit, the customs have made the process of facilitating trade facilitation. With the important and irreplaceable role, the customs and cross-border formalities and cross-border systems are also considered to be the core of trade facilitation. In recent years, as an important member of the world customs organization, China's customs also gradually attaches importance to the promotion of trade facilitation and has adopted a series of policies and measures to facilitate trade facilitation. The main research contents and conclusions are as follows: first, after the analysis of the research background and relevant literature on the promotion of trade facilitation by customs, the research on trade facilitation in the world trade organization, the World Customs Organization and the APEC and other authoritative international organizations On the basis of the analysis and summary of the related treaties, the index system of trade facilitation and the calculation of index scores are selected on this basis, including the infrastructure, the customs clearance, the regulation of the environment and information technology four first level indicators, each level under the indicators corresponding to a number of phase two indicators. From the 28 samples during the 8 years of 2008 -2015. In terms of the country's indicators, the level of trade facilitation in Singapore is the highest, and the level of trade facilitation in most developed countries is very convenient; the developing countries, including China, and some less developed countries are generally in the general convenience level; and some countries, such as Philippines, are not convenient. From the average value of the 8 year trade facilitation index, China's trade facilitation level is not very high, and the 28 countries are ranked nineteenth. Secondly, it studies the specific policies of China's customs to promote trade facilitation. In the international agreements, such as the Kyoto Convention, the global trade safety and convenience standard framework and trade facilitation agreements, and the sea On the basis of the related contents of trade facilitation, China's Customs Trade Facilitation policy is divided into two major policy categories: customs clearance supervision policy and customs internal governance policy. The customs clearance regulation policy includes regional customs clearance policy, classified customs clearance policy, paperless customs policy, single window and inside. The policy of external border organization cooperation, the internal governance policy of the customs includes the transparency and promotion policy, the regulation of the policy of charge and the perfect policy of the management system. The two kinds of policies complement each other to promote trade facilitation together. Export documents, import and export time, import and export cost, regulatory environment, customs service index and other policy measurement indicators, the status and effect of China Customs to promote trade facilitation policies are compared at the international level. In addition to import and export cost indicators, the rest of the indicators are at the middle level, and some of the indicators are in the last few. Further combined with the questionnaire, the domestic situation was analyzed. It was found that the customs clearance supervision policies in China still need to be further promoted and perfected. The internal management system of customs needs to be further changed, the partnership with enterprises has not been really established, and the cooperation with other domestic border agencies and national customs is inadequate. Using the above policy indicators, a panel data gravitational model is constructed to measure the influence of the Customs Trade Facilitation policy from the international and domestic levels. The empirical results show that the improvement of the customs clearance environment and the regulatory environment of the import and export countries will promote the increase of the export volume between the two countries; the customs clearance time, customs clearance documents and customs clearance of the import and export countries. This is inversely proportional to the export of the two countries, and the elasticity of each index is relatively large. It shows that the impact of the measures on the Customs Trade Facilitation policy is very significant for the export trade between the two countries. The customs should reduce the customs clearance documents, shorten the customs clearance time and reduce the customs clearance costs by improving the customs environment and regulating the environment. To improve the level of trade facilitation and provide the basis for further improving the relevant policies of Customs Trade Facilitation. At last, drawing on the relevant experiences of the customs of the major developed countries to promote trade facilitation, and combining with the actual situation of our country, it is suggested that our customs should improve the system of risk management and improve the policy of classified customs clearance through strengthening the construction of information technology. Further promoting the policy of regional customs integration, strengthening the cooperation of various departments in China, speeding up the establishment of a real single window, deepening the reform of paperless customs clearance and improving the regulatory policies of customs clearance in China, and improving the effectiveness of supervision, and enhancing the awareness of service and transparency of policies and regulations and management measures by changing management concepts. In order to promote trade facilitation, promote the reform of the Customs Organization, improve the personnel management and training system, improve the internal governance policy of the customs, and create a transparent and good customs environment.
【学位授予单位】：对外经济贸易大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：F752.5
，
本文编号：2127110
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