北京城市绿地鸟类生境规划与营造方法研究

发布时间：2018-05-05 20:40

  本文选题：鸟类生境 + 景观规划设计　； 参考：《清华大学》2015年博士论文

【摘要】：城市生物多样性是城市人居环境的重要组成部分,可满足城市居民接触完整自然的需求。鸟类丰富度常被用作评价城市生物多样性水平的指标之一,反映城市鸟类生境的优劣。城市鸟类生境具备生物和非生物属性。本研究以北京26个城市公园作为主要研究场地,对其内鸟类、生物环境因子(植物和昆虫丰富度)以及非生物环境因子开展田野调查(2012-2014),共获取137种鸟类、261种昆虫和395种高等维管束植物。采用结构方程模型路径分析方法研究影响鸟类丰富度的显著因子。结果表明,城市公园面积是影响鸟类丰富度的显著积极因子,针叶林面积比例和城市公园周边200米范围内的绿地面积比例积极显著影响繁殖鸟丰富度。昆虫丰富度积极显著影响鸟类丰富度。地被丰富度通过影响昆虫丰富度对繁殖鸟丰富度产生积极显著影响。鸟类是自由移动的生物,城市绿地在不同生态类型鸟类的生命周期中作用不同。本研究将北京城市公园内的鸟类生境类型划分为3级,将在城市建成区范围内的鸟类生境划分为3个尺度层次——生境系统、斑块和小生境,三者分别对应规划行为、设计行为和管理行为。在城市建成区范围内,猛禽的生境尺度覆盖整个城市,水鸟的生境尺度与人类相当,而林鸟的生境尺度则低于人类。据“嵌套性分析”可知,留鸟在北京城市公园中较夏候鸟占优势。城市鸟类及其生境数据获取,城市水体和林地生境制图,生境质量评估及提升策略是鸟类生境系统规划的主要内容。控制游览交通线与有效生境的距离是城市鸟类生境营造的关键,量化控制鸟类生境的类型和尺度、布局、关键空间结构是鸟类生境营造的主要内容。本研究依据“可见性”划分北京城市公园内的常见鸟和偶见鸟。在生境系统尺度,利用鸟类景观导览规划将自然游赏融入城市居民日常生活。以青年湖公园为例进行斑块尺度鸟类生境营造实践。维护非人类活动干扰区域、维持完整水生态系统、维持植被野化区域、禁止使用杀虫剂等是提升城市公园鸟类生境质量的有效措施。整合多学科资源的景观规划是城市生物多样性维护的有效途径。城市公园规划设计和管理需纳入多样丰富的蓬勃生命,深入到四维生命空间营造,更益于城市人的精神复健。
[Abstract]:Urban biodiversity is an important part of urban human settlement environment, which can meet the needs of urban residents to contact the intact nature. Bird richness is often used as an index to evaluate the level of urban biodiversity, reflecting the habitat of urban birds. Urban bird habitats have biological and abiotic properties. In this study, 26 urban parks in Beijing were used as the main research sites. Biologic environmental factors (plant and insect richness) and abiotic environmental factors were investigated in the field from 2012 to 2014. A total of 137 species of birds, 261 species of insects and 395 species of higher vascular plants were obtained. The significant factors affecting bird richness were studied by using structural equation model path analysis method. The results showed that the area of urban park was a significant positive factor affecting the richness of birds, and the proportion of coniferous forest area and green space area within 200 meters around the city park had a positive and significant effect on the richness of breeding birds. Insect richness positively and significantly affects bird richness. The abundance of ground cover has a positive and significant effect on the richness of breeding birds by affecting insect richness. Birds are free moving organisms and urban green space plays different roles in the life cycle of different ecological types of birds. In this study, bird habitat types in Beijing City Park were divided into 3 levels, and bird habitats in urban areas were divided into three scale levels-habitat system, patches and microhabitats, respectively, corresponding to planning behavior. Design behavior and management behavior. In the urban area, the habitat scale of raptor covers the whole city, the habitat scale of waterfowl is the same as that of human, but the habitat scale of forest bird is lower than that of human. According to nesting analysis, resident birds are more dominant than summer birds in Beijing City Park. Urban birds and their habitat data acquisition, urban water and woodland habitat mapping, habitat quality assessment and upgrading strategies are the main contents of bird habitat system planning. Controlling the distance between the tour traffic line and the effective habitat is the key to the urban bird habitat construction. The main content of the bird habitat construction is the quantitative control of the bird habitat type and scale, the layout and the key spatial structure. In this study, the common birds and occasional birds in Beijing urban park were classified according to visibility. On the scale of habitat system, the bird landscape planning is used to integrate natural tourism into the daily life of urban residents. Taking the Youth Lake Park as an example, the construction practice of patch scale bird habitat was carried out. The effective measures to improve the habitat quality of birds in urban parks are to maintain non-human disturbance areas, maintain intact aquatic ecosystems, maintain vegetation wildness areas and prohibit the use of insecticides. The landscape planning of integrating multi-disciplinary resources is an effective way to maintain urban biodiversity. The planning, design and management of urban parks need to incorporate diverse and abundant vigorous life, deep into the construction of four-dimensional life space, more beneficial to the spiritual rehabilitation of urban people.
【学位授予单位】：清华大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：Q958;TU985.12
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本文编号：1849220