汉传佛教寺院声景研究
发布时间：2018-08-02 19:38
【摘要】：在两千多年的发展历程中,汉传佛教寺院一直是中国最重要的公共建筑类型之一,由于在古建筑中保存下来数量最多,佛寺成为中国建筑史学研究的重要实物资料。寺院内外良好的物理环境是渲染宗教氛围的重要手段,特别是传统佛教寺院的声环境经常给人留下深刻的印象。近年来,汉传佛教在中国繁荣兴旺,不仅传统寺院受到保护,还建设了大量新的寺院,然而佛教寺院内外声环境状况却往往被忽略,学术界针对佛寺声环境的研究还不多见。声景观是建筑技术学科的一个新的研究领域,它不同于传统声学在于加入了人在特定环境中对声音的认识,从声音、声场和人的评价三个角度进行研究。本论文将研究对象设定为汉传佛教寺院声景观,以声景理论和调查分析为切入点,采用文献整理、声音录制与分析、声环境测量等方法,结合在4个典型寺院内发放大量的调查问卷以及使用声学软件对寺院声场进行的模拟,对所获得的各类调研数据进行科学的分析,寻找佛教寺院内外声景意境的营造手段,从定性到定量两个方面完整而准确地探究汉传佛教寺院的声景观。本文梳理了各类文献中有关汉传佛教寺院及周围空间内声音和声环境的记录,从梵音、佛寺声场以及古代文学作品中对寺院声环境评述这三个要素对佛寺声景观进行描述;总结了佛寺声景的三个特征:周期性是指佛寺声景以天为单位和以年为单位有规律的循环,地域性包括声景的南北差异和规模差异,声景中国化和世俗化则是佛教在中国发展的必然结果;之后介绍了佛寺中一些特殊的声学现象,包括寺院声场对回声和自然环境的利用,晨钟暮鼓成为各地寺院的标志声等。本文分析了所调研的汉传佛教寺院中各类声音参数特征及声环境变化状况,利用软件对录制的梵音进行定量分析,测量寺院的声环境,发现各类声音的物理和心理声学参数特征,包括声级的大小、声音的尖锐度和响度的排序等,均大致符合声音各自的功能属性,寺院内外的声环境具有较大差别,所测量的4个汉传佛寺大雄宝殿前院落不同时间段瞬时声级之间大小差别超过67 d BA,寺院的不同位置测得的全天平均声级之间差别超过11 d BA,测量的三个大雄宝殿内中频混响时间RT30普遍在0.65秒至1.1秒之间。本文揭示了不同类型人群对传统佛教寺院声景观的评价状况及影响因素,基于佛寺内发放的685份调查问卷分析,发现被调查者对寺院声环境总体评价较高,同寺院声环境的安静度、舒适度和协调度评价相关的客观因素包括不同的寺院和问卷同步实测声级,与评价显著相关的主观因素包括被调查者的年龄、职业、教育程度、信仰因素等特征,相关系数的绝对值大多在0.15到0.45之间,而寺院内声音各个参数中只有尖锐度与喜好度评价显著相关,相关系数为0.531*(p0.05)。本文探究了传统寺院空间要素对庭院和佛殿内声场的影响规律,通过建立汉传佛寺庭院和佛殿室内的声学模型,分析可能对寺院声场产生影响的各类要素,发现在钟声作为声源的条件下,显著影响佛寺庭院声环境的空间形制要素包括围墙的高度及吸声和反射系数、院落隔墙的设置、钟楼的位置和高度等,对佛殿室内声场的研究表明,佛殿内的佛像可以起到声反射体的作用,特别是设置在侧墙位置的次要佛像能够显著影响声场的混响时间及STI值,佛殿内设置的各类织物庄严具能够起到吸声体作用,对声场影响主要体现在混响时间RT30和EDT上,殿内设置的吸声体和反射体对声级的整体影响不大。声源指向性主要影响佛殿声场的C80和EDT参数。本文依据文献和实地调研结果及声场的模拟分析,归纳了寺院声景意境的构成和营造方法,首先总结了寺院的声景意境的定义,之后提出声景意境包含实境(声景功能)和虚境(声景艺术)两个部分,声环境中的人为声、自然声和静谧三种构成元素,分别形成人籁、地籁和天籁三种声景境界,最后从寺院外部空间、庭院空间和室内空间三个层面上分别提炼出相地、布局和理微三种声景意境的营造方法。本文通过相关文献梳理与典型寺院实地调研,采用声音参数分析、问卷调研、佛寺声场模拟的方法,分别从声景的三个要素出发,对汉传佛教寺院声景观进行了定性和定量的全面分析。本文属于建筑历史学与声景学的交叉研究,也利用宗教心理学、景观学、环境学等相关领域的成果,研究有助于了解汉传佛教寺院声景观的历史与发展,拓展建筑史学和声景学的研究领域,构建佛教建筑、声景和宗教文化三者间的有机联系,为中国宗教声景理论的确立和传统寺院声景保护做出贡献。
[Abstract]:In the course of more than two thousand years of development, the Buddhist monasteries in Han Dynasty have always been one of the most important types of public buildings in China. As the largest number of ancient buildings are preserved, the Buddhist temple has become an important material for the study of Chinese architecture history. The good physical environment inside and outside the temple is an important means to shading religious atmosphere, especially the traditional Buddhism. The sound environment of the temple often leaves a deep impression. In recent years, the Han Buddhism has flourished in China, not only the traditional monasteries have been protected, but also a large number of new monasteries have been built. However, the internal and external sound environment of the Buddhist temples are often neglected, and the research on the sound environment of the Buddhist temple is not much in the academic circle. A new field of research, which is different from the traditional acoustics, is to add people to the understanding of sound in a specific environment, from the three angles of sound, sound field and human evaluation. In this paper, the object of the study is set as the sound landscape of the Buddhist monastery in the Han Dynasty, with the sound theory and the investigation and analysis as the breakthrough point, the document is arranged and the sound recording is recorded. With the methods of analysis and acoustic environment measurement, a large number of questionnaires were distributed in 4 typical monasteries and the acoustical software was used to simulate the sound field of the monastery. This paper explores the sound landscape of the Buddhist monasteries in the Han Dynasty. This article reviews the records of the sound and sound environment in the Buddhist monasteries and the surrounding space in various documents, and describes the three elements of the temple sound from the Sanskrit, the temple sound field and the ancient literary works on the temple sound environment, and sums up the three characteristics of the Buddhist temple sound: Zhou Dynasty. It means that the sound of the Buddhist temple is based on the sky as a unit and a regular cycle with the year as a unit. Regionalism includes the differences between the north and the South and the scale difference. The Chinese and secularization of the sound is the inevitable result of the development of Buddhism in China. After that, some special acoustic phenomena in the Buddhist temple, including the benefit of the temple sound field to the echo and the natural environment, are introduced. Using the morning and evening drums as the symbol of the monasteries in various places, this paper analyzes the characteristics of various sound parameters and the changes of sound and environment in the Han Buddhist temples investigated and investigated. The sound environment of the monasteries is measured by the software and the sound environment of the monasteries is measured, and the acoustic parameters of various sounds are found, including the size of the sound level. The acuteness of the sound and the sorting of the loudness are generally consistent with the functional attributes of the sound, and the sound environment inside and outside the temple is quite different. The difference of the magnitude of the instantaneous sound level between the 4 Han Buddhist temples in the front yard of the temple is more than 67 D BA, and the difference between the average sound levels measured in the different positions of the monastery is super. Over 11 d BA, the intermediate frequency reverberation time in the three big male hall is between 0.65 seconds and 1. 1 seconds. This paper reveals the evaluation and influence factors of different types of people on the sound landscape of traditional Buddhist monasteries. Based on the analysis of 685 questionnaires issued by the Buddhist temple, it is found that the overall evaluation of the sound environment of the monasteries is higher, and the same temple is found in the same temple. The objective factors related to the quiet, comfort and coordination evaluation of the hospital sound environment include different temples and questionnaires. The subjective factors that are significantly related to the evaluation include the age, occupation, education level, and belief factors of the respondents, and the absolute values of the correlation coefficients are mostly between 0.15 and 0.45, and the sound in the temple is sound. Among the parameters, only the degree of acuity is significantly related to the evaluation of the degree of preference, and the correlation coefficient is 0.531* (P0.05). This paper explores the influence of the traditional temple space elements on the sound field in the courtyard and the temple of Buddhism. Under the condition of the bell as the sound source, the spatial form factors that greatly affect the sound environment of the temple courtyard include the height of the wall and the sound absorption and reflection coefficient, the setting of the courtyard partition wall, the position and height of the bell tower, and the study of the interior sound field of the Buddhist temple shows that the Buddha inside the Buddhist temple can play the role of the sound reflector, especially in the side wall position. The secondary Buddha statue can significantly influence the reverberation time and the STI value of the sound field. The various kinds of fabric statues set in the Buddhist temple can play the role of sound absorption body, and the influence of the sound field is mainly reflected on the reverberation time RT30 and EDT. The sound absorption body and reflector set in the temple have little effect on the sound level. The directivity of the sound source mainly affects the sound field of the Buddhist temple. C80 and EDT parameters. Based on the results of the literature and field investigation and the simulation of the sound field, the composition and construction method of the sound scene in the temple are summed up. First, the definition of the sound scene of the temple is summed up. After that, the two parts of the sound scene including the reality (sound function) and the virtual environment (sound scene art) are put forward, and the human sound and natural sound in the sound environment are put forward. And tranquil three elements, respectively form the sound realm of three kinds of sound, sound and nature. Finally, from the outer space of the temple, the courtyard space and the indoor space, the construction methods of the phase plot, the layout and the three kinds of sound landscapes are respectively extracted. This article through Xiang Guanwen and the typical monastery field investigation, the sound parameters are used. The analysis, the questionnaire survey, the method of the Buddhist temple sound field simulation, from the three elements of the sound scene, make a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the sound landscape of the Buddhist temple in Han Dynasty. This article belongs to the cross study of the architectural history and the acoustics, and the achievements in the related fields, such as the religious psychology, the landscape science, the environment science and so on, are helpful to the research. The history and development of the sound landscape of Buddhist monasteries and Buddhist temples are solved, and the research fields of architectural history and sound science are expanded, and the organic connection between the three kinds of Buddhist architecture, sound scenery and religious culture is constructed, which contributes to the establishment of the theory of Chinese religious sound and the protection of the traditional temple sound.
【学位授予单位】：哈尔滨工业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：TU112;TU252
，
本文编号：2160514
[Abstract]:In the course of more than two thousand years of development, the Buddhist monasteries in Han Dynasty have always been one of the most important types of public buildings in China. As the largest number of ancient buildings are preserved, the Buddhist temple has become an important material for the study of Chinese architecture history. The good physical environment inside and outside the temple is an important means to shading religious atmosphere, especially the traditional Buddhism. The sound environment of the temple often leaves a deep impression. In recent years, the Han Buddhism has flourished in China, not only the traditional monasteries have been protected, but also a large number of new monasteries have been built. However, the internal and external sound environment of the Buddhist temples are often neglected, and the research on the sound environment of the Buddhist temple is not much in the academic circle. A new field of research, which is different from the traditional acoustics, is to add people to the understanding of sound in a specific environment, from the three angles of sound, sound field and human evaluation. In this paper, the object of the study is set as the sound landscape of the Buddhist monastery in the Han Dynasty, with the sound theory and the investigation and analysis as the breakthrough point, the document is arranged and the sound recording is recorded. With the methods of analysis and acoustic environment measurement, a large number of questionnaires were distributed in 4 typical monasteries and the acoustical software was used to simulate the sound field of the monastery. This paper explores the sound landscape of the Buddhist monasteries in the Han Dynasty. This article reviews the records of the sound and sound environment in the Buddhist monasteries and the surrounding space in various documents, and describes the three elements of the temple sound from the Sanskrit, the temple sound field and the ancient literary works on the temple sound environment, and sums up the three characteristics of the Buddhist temple sound: Zhou Dynasty. It means that the sound of the Buddhist temple is based on the sky as a unit and a regular cycle with the year as a unit. Regionalism includes the differences between the north and the South and the scale difference. The Chinese and secularization of the sound is the inevitable result of the development of Buddhism in China. After that, some special acoustic phenomena in the Buddhist temple, including the benefit of the temple sound field to the echo and the natural environment, are introduced. Using the morning and evening drums as the symbol of the monasteries in various places, this paper analyzes the characteristics of various sound parameters and the changes of sound and environment in the Han Buddhist temples investigated and investigated. The sound environment of the monasteries is measured by the software and the sound environment of the monasteries is measured, and the acoustic parameters of various sounds are found, including the size of the sound level. The acuteness of the sound and the sorting of the loudness are generally consistent with the functional attributes of the sound, and the sound environment inside and outside the temple is quite different. The difference of the magnitude of the instantaneous sound level between the 4 Han Buddhist temples in the front yard of the temple is more than 67 D BA, and the difference between the average sound levels measured in the different positions of the monastery is super. Over 11 d BA, the intermediate frequency reverberation time in the three big male hall is between 0.65 seconds and 1. 1 seconds. This paper reveals the evaluation and influence factors of different types of people on the sound landscape of traditional Buddhist monasteries. Based on the analysis of 685 questionnaires issued by the Buddhist temple, it is found that the overall evaluation of the sound environment of the monasteries is higher, and the same temple is found in the same temple. The objective factors related to the quiet, comfort and coordination evaluation of the hospital sound environment include different temples and questionnaires. The subjective factors that are significantly related to the evaluation include the age, occupation, education level, and belief factors of the respondents, and the absolute values of the correlation coefficients are mostly between 0.15 and 0.45, and the sound in the temple is sound. Among the parameters, only the degree of acuity is significantly related to the evaluation of the degree of preference, and the correlation coefficient is 0.531* (P0.05). This paper explores the influence of the traditional temple space elements on the sound field in the courtyard and the temple of Buddhism. Under the condition of the bell as the sound source, the spatial form factors that greatly affect the sound environment of the temple courtyard include the height of the wall and the sound absorption and reflection coefficient, the setting of the courtyard partition wall, the position and height of the bell tower, and the study of the interior sound field of the Buddhist temple shows that the Buddha inside the Buddhist temple can play the role of the sound reflector, especially in the side wall position. The secondary Buddha statue can significantly influence the reverberation time and the STI value of the sound field. The various kinds of fabric statues set in the Buddhist temple can play the role of sound absorption body, and the influence of the sound field is mainly reflected on the reverberation time RT30 and EDT. The sound absorption body and reflector set in the temple have little effect on the sound level. The directivity of the sound source mainly affects the sound field of the Buddhist temple. C80 and EDT parameters. Based on the results of the literature and field investigation and the simulation of the sound field, the composition and construction method of the sound scene in the temple are summed up. First, the definition of the sound scene of the temple is summed up. After that, the two parts of the sound scene including the reality (sound function) and the virtual environment (sound scene art) are put forward, and the human sound and natural sound in the sound environment are put forward. And tranquil three elements, respectively form the sound realm of three kinds of sound, sound and nature. Finally, from the outer space of the temple, the courtyard space and the indoor space, the construction methods of the phase plot, the layout and the three kinds of sound landscapes are respectively extracted. This article through Xiang Guanwen and the typical monastery field investigation, the sound parameters are used. The analysis, the questionnaire survey, the method of the Buddhist temple sound field simulation, from the three elements of the sound scene, make a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the sound landscape of the Buddhist temple in Han Dynasty. This article belongs to the cross study of the architectural history and the acoustics, and the achievements in the related fields, such as the religious psychology, the landscape science, the environment science and so on, are helpful to the research. The history and development of the sound landscape of Buddhist monasteries and Buddhist temples are solved, and the research fields of architectural history and sound science are expanded, and the organic connection between the three kinds of Buddhist architecture, sound scenery and religious culture is constructed, which contributes to the establishment of the theory of Chinese religious sound and the protection of the traditional temple sound.
【学位授予单位】：哈尔滨工业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：TU112;TU252
，
本文编号：2160514
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