东汉园林史研究

发布时间：2018-08-11 14:13

【摘要】：在我国现有的园林史研究中,无论是通史性还是断代性的成果,东汉园林相对于西汉而言显得较为匮乏。由于年代久远、史料有限、古文生涩难懂,同时西汉(尤其是皇家园林)的文献相对于东汉更翔实,导致一直以来东汉园林常常被学者一笔带过,不受重视。此文通过对东汉文献资料的详细整理、归纳和分析,进行了以下四大部分内容的补充和探讨：(1)整理、补充了东汉皇家园林的资料；(2)系统的整理了东汉私家园林的情况；(3)探讨东汉隐逸思想和田庄式园林的发展与魏晋士人园林产生的联系；(4)东汉其他类型园林,如陵园、寺庙园林、公共园林的资料整理。东汉时期,皇家造园活动远不及西汉次数之频繁、规模之宏大。究其原因,其一是东汉初期国力赢弱,朝廷注重休养,提倡节俭,降低了大兴土木的次数；其二是至东汉中后期,由于统治阶级贪图享乐,喜好营造宫室园林来满足一己贪欲,才形成了东汉皇家造园的小高峰。此阶段所建之园不再像西汉时期一味追求华丽宏伟、囊括天地,园林的规模变小了,功能逐渐向单纯的娱乐、观赏转变,求仙祭祀仅作为其象征意义而存在：其三是东汉中后期,国力日衰,皇家园林的营造思想上并无可圈可点之处,在景物布局和园林施工的技术上有所进步。私家园林的营建见于史料的数量多于西汉。东汉私家园林叠山理水的技法有很大的进步,已经出现了摹写真山真水之局部来作假山、水体的形态,水系之间的联系也较为复杂。此文认为东汉私家园林可分为三个脉络来探讨：其一是由王公贵族、宦官、诸侯所营之园,此类多效仿皇宫,追求华丽,作为财富和权力的象征,园内虽有经营,多是一味追求奢华,并不见特别出彩之处；其二是士人的私家园林,如习家池,由园主人(士人)参与设计、建造并富有文人色彩,与自然环境相结合,已接近于后世文人理想中的精神寄托之处,是东汉私家园林的一大进步之处；其三是由隐士与田庄共同结合、促进了魏晋士人园林产生的田庄式园林,这类型园林在东汉的史料里还未正式出现,但已经可以从东汉末的仲长统、张衡的思想中窥见一斑,习家池应算作此类型园林出现的一个端倪,但习郁并非隐士。东汉时期,其他各类型园林都已初见雏形。随着我国第一座官方寺庙白马寺的建成,佛教迅速传播,此后寺庙建筑迅速发展、佛教汉化、不断收到私家园林影响。公共园林自西汉时期就已经产生,东汉时期祓禊逐渐由巫术、祭祀活动转为聚会、游玩,并带动公共园林的发展；东汉陵园的经营也更为有序。人们通常所说的“汉代园林”是将两汉造园混为一谈的说法。然而东汉作为我国古典园林生成期向转折期的过渡阶段,具有承上启下的作用：既与秦、西汉一脉相承,又与魏晋紧密相连。与西汉相比,东汉人更注重现实生活,经历了王莽篡政、国富民安、党锢之祸、宦官专权和农民起义,个体的独立意识觉醒了,隐逸思想大发展,文人地位的提高和园林审美的升华,最终促成了魏晋南北朝园林转折期的到来。
[Abstract]:In the present study of garden history in China, the gardens in the Eastern Han Dynasty are scarce compared with those in the Western Han Dynasty, no matter whether they are general or chronological. Through the detailed collation, induction and analysis of the documents of the Eastern Han Dynasty, this paper makes the following four supplements and discussions: (1) collating and supplementing the materials of the imperial gardens of the Eastern Han Dynasty; (2) systematically collating the situation of the private gardens of the Eastern Han Dynasty; (3) discussing the development of the reclusive thought and the farm-style Gardens of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The reason is that the imperial gardening activities in the Eastern Han Dynasty were far less frequent and magnificent than those in the Western Han Dynasty. The second is that in the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty, because the ruling class was fond of pleasure and building palace gardens to satisfy their own greed, it formed a small peak of Royal gardening in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The third is that in the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty, the national strength declined, there was no point in the construction of imperial gardens, and there was progress in landscape layout and garden construction technology. Great progress has been made in making rockeries by portraying the real parts of mountains and rivers. The shape of the water body and the relationship between the water systems are also complicated. The second is that the private gardens of the scholars, such as Xijiachi, were designed by the owners of the gardens (scholars), constructed and full of literati color, and combined with the natural environment, have approached the spiritual sustenance of the later scholars'ideals, which is one of the great private gardens of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Thirdly, the combination of hermits and farms promoted the creation of villa-style gardens by intellectuals in Wei and Jin Dynasties. This kind of gardens has not yet formally appeared in the historical materials of the Eastern Han Dynasty, but it can be seen from the thoughts of Zhang Heng and Zhang Chang in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, other types of gardens were in their infancy. With the construction of the first official temple, Baima Temple, Buddhism spread rapidly. Since then, temple buildings have developed rapidly, Buddhism has been sinicized and influenced by private gardens. The Eastern Han Dynasty cemetery is commonly referred to as the "Han Dynasty gardening" which confuses the Han Dynasty gardening. Compared with the Western Han Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty paid more attention to the real life, experienced the misfortune of Wang Mang usurping the government, enriching the country and the people, the party gong, the eunuch authoritarianism and the peasant uprising, the awakening of individual independence consciousness, the great development of reclusive thought, the improvement of literati status and the sublimation of garden aesthetics, and finally contributed to the transition period of garden in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Coming.
【学位授予单位】：福建农林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：TU-098.4

【相似文献】