基于PM2.5扩散的哈尔滨采暖期街道环境优化研究

发布时间：2019-01-29 18:56

【摘要】：在当今工业化进程不断深入、大量燃烧化石燃料的背景下,城市空气中悬浮颗粒污染物的质量浓度频繁超标,雾霾天气的出现成为常态化,这一系列现象导致城市环境微气候恶化。哈尔滨是典型的高纬度寒地城市,冬季寒冷漫长植被稀疏,采暖期供热将导致大量PM2.5被排放在空气中。本文试图从建筑布局与街道网络形式的角度诠释这一环境问题的影响因素,将空气污染物的散布问题纳入城市规划专项研究,提出城市中微气候补偿措施规划对策,使得城市向着更加环保、宜居、科学、有机的方向发展。本研究以促进城市中PM2.5扩散的视角为着眼点,以哈尔滨市街道空间相关属性与几何参数为研究对象,围绕如何通过规划手段对城市空间布局优化的方法,来降低严寒地区城市在采暖期大气中细颗粒空气污染物浓度这一问题进行深入研究。以高纬度严寒地区城市复杂的微气候环境条件为背景,在采暖期环境数据实地监测的支撑下,结合计算流体力学数值模拟方法对典型的理想状态模型进行研究与论证,进行了多个街道空间几何元素的计算分析与对比研究。首先对PM2.5散布特性、城市街道对PM2.5散布影响、微气候补偿因子对PM2.5散布影响等方面做了相关基础研究,进而界定出研究对象与研究范围。其次文章还利用CFD技术对城市街道网络的不同结构、街道空间的不同几何参数、街道不同的平面形式、街道不同的交叉口形式与城市通风关系进行了探究;进而针对不同的街道变量因素提出了降低空气中PM2.5质量浓度的相关优化策略。最后为了验证数值模拟计算结果的科学性与合理性,本研究对哈尔滨中央大街区段进行了污染物相关气候条件的数据监测,进而对中央大街制定出因地制宜的微气候补偿措施规划方案,将街道空间划分为行人适宜活动区、快速通行区与微气候补偿区。从PM2.5扩散的视角研究城市街道空间形态,以期提出建设性指导意见,进而优化新区的空间布局,为绿地水体等微气候补偿措施的布置提供有利依据。这一研究有助于整体改善城市的人居生态环境,为城市的健康环保可持续发展做出贡献。
[Abstract]:Under the background of burning a lot of fossil fuels, the mass concentration of suspended particulate pollutants in urban air frequently exceeds the standard, and the appearance of haze weather becomes normal. This series of phenomena lead to the deterioration of microclimate in urban environment. Harbin is a typical cold city in high latitudes. The cold and long vegetation is sparse in winter. Heating during heating period will result in a large amount of PM2.5 discharged into the air. This paper attempts to explain the influence factors of this environmental problem from the angle of architectural layout and street network form, bring the dispersion of air pollutants into the special study of urban planning, and put forward the planning countermeasures of microclimate compensation measures in cities. To make the city more environmentally friendly, livable, scientific, organic development. This study focuses on the perspective of promoting the diffusion of PM2.5 in the city, taking the related attributes and geometric parameters of street space in Harbin as the research object, and focusing on how to optimize the urban spatial layout by means of planning. In order to reduce the concentration of fine particulate air pollutants in the urban air during heating period, the problem of reducing the concentration of fine particulate air pollutants in cold regions was studied. Based on the complex microclimate environment conditions in high latitude and severe cold areas, the typical ideal state model is studied and demonstrated under the support of field monitoring of environmental data during heating period, combined with the numerical simulation method of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The calculation, analysis and comparison of geometric elements in street space are carried out. In this paper, the characteristics of PM2.5 dispersion, the influence of urban streets on PM2.5 dispersion, and the effect of microclimate compensation factor on PM2.5 dispersion are studied, and the research object and scope are defined. Secondly, the paper also uses CFD technology to explore the different structure of the city street network, the different geometric parameters of the street space, the different plane form of the street, the relationship between the different intersection form of the street and the urban ventilation. According to the different street variables, the optimization strategy of reducing the mass concentration of PM2.5 in the air is put forward. Finally, in order to verify the scientific and reasonable results of numerical simulation, the data monitoring of pollutant related climatic conditions was carried out in the section of Harbin Central Street. Furthermore, the plan of microclimate compensation measures is worked out according to local conditions, and the street space is divided into suitable pedestrian area, fast passage area and microclimate compensation area. This paper studies the spatial form of urban streets from the perspective of PM2.5 diffusion in order to give constructive guidance to optimize the spatial layout of the new area and to provide a favorable basis for the arrangement of micro-climate compensation measures such as green water bodies. This study is helpful to improve the ecological environment of urban human settlements and contribute to the sustainable development of urban health and environmental protection.
【学位授予单位】：哈尔滨工业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：TU984;TU119

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