晚清扬州私家园林造园理法研究

发布时间：2019-02-21 21:09

【摘要】：现存扬州园林的遗迹有两类：城西北郊蜀冈瘦西湖一带的湖上公共园林集群集中兴建于康雍乾三朝(1661——1796),均己损毁,于近年复建。嘉庆朝二十余年几无造园活动,现存城内私家园林多于道光元年(即1820年)至民国初年所新建或扩建。以原真性为原则,本文将研究对象确定为遗存较为完整的晚清扬州城市私家园林。本文研究要点为：一,选取具有代表性的八处晚清扬州城市私家园林,即个园、何园、小盘谷、汪氏小苑、逸圃、贾氏宅园(二分明月楼)、棣园与瓠园作为重点考察对象,完善其基础资料图纸。二,依据《园冶》理论框架结合实地调研,依据各个园林的特色分析其理法特色,并进一步从立意、布局、叠山、理水、建筑装饰、花木六个方面予以初步总结。三,试图将造园现象还原至动态发展的历史事实中,把握其与社会生活错综复杂的关系,如园主个人及家族经历等,从而形成对晚清扬州城市私宅园林的较为全面和清晰的认识。晚清的扬州仍受惠于运河的繁荣与盐政改革等经济政策的庇护,延续着文化领域如学术教育、绘画曲艺、手工艺匠的全面昌盛,在旧、新城区域先后形成儒商私家园林集群并逐渐发展成熟、形成独特风格,在中国造园史上留下最后篇章。其理法特征主要有：整体布局具小型集锦园的特点,船厅、读书楼、戏台、觅句廊等多重场景并置并体现出天人感应、四季轮回的时空观念；擅用曲折的路径、花窗地穴等创造多样的视线关系以借景拓展空间；叠山脱离了峰石欣赏而发展出独特的中空外奇的扬派叠石技艺,追求山居意境,以拳山勺水写仿真山气势：理水遵循汇水入园不外流的理念而有“天沟”的做法,水体形态仍沿用传统的方池静水,略有曲折蜿蜒的变化藏首匿尾,偶见“旱园水作”的案例。受南巡盛世形成的运河视角审美影响,园中运用山石与建筑结合、长楼复廊及“裹脚之法”等构建技巧构成复杂穿越的园林空间；园林植物偏重姿态欣赏和比兴含义兼顾四季有花,重视色香搭配；较早期的园内仍有放鹤饲鱼、置放盆景的明代私园遗俗；建筑装饰风格较苏南造型更为高大刚直、色彩更为素雅、线条更粗拙质朴,兼有西洋、官式元素,具开放多元之风。晚清扬州私家园林是清代江南造园的优秀典型,具有珍贵的史料和艺术价值,其造园理法尤其是扬派叠石技艺印证并延续了《园冶》所述理论,于今日仍有借鉴意义。
[Abstract]:There are two kinds of vestige of Yangzhou gardens: the public garden cluster on lake around Shukang thin West Lake in northwestern suburb of Yangzhou was built mainly in Kangyong and Qian3 dynasties (1661-1796), which was destroyed and rebuilt in recent years. There was no gardening activity in Jiaqing for more than 20 years, and there were more private gardens in the city than in the first year of Daoguang (that is, 1820) to the beginning of the Republic of China. Based on the principle of originality, the object of this study is the complete private garden of Yangzhou city in late Qing Dynasty. The main research points of this paper are as follows: first, eight representative private gardens of Yangzhou city in late Qing Dynasty, namely a garden, a small pan valley, a small garden, a garden, and a garden. Improve its basic information drawings. Secondly, according to the theory frame of "Yuan Metallurgical" and the field investigation, the author analyzes the rational and legal characteristics of each garden according to the characteristics of each garden, and makes a preliminary summary from six aspects: idea, layout, stacking, water management, architectural decoration, and flowers and trees. Third, try to restore the phenomenon of gardening to the historical facts of dynamic development, and grasp its complicated relationship with social life, such as the personal and family experience of the owner of the garden, etc. So as to form a more comprehensive and clear understanding of Yangzhou city private house garden in the late Qing Dynasty. Yangzhou in the late Qing Dynasty still benefited from economic policies such as the prosperity of the canal and the reform of salt politics, and continued the overall prosperity of cultural fields such as academic education, painting, and craftsmanship. The New Town area has formed a private garden cluster of Confucian merchants and gradually developed and matured, forming a unique style, leaving the last chapter in the history of Chinese gardening. Its main features are: the overall layout has the characteristics of small panorama, boat hall, reading building, stage, sentence corridor and other multi-scene juxtaposition and reflect the concept of space and time of the nature and human induction, the four seasons reincarnation; Good at using the twists and turns of the path, flowers windows to create a variety of lines of sight to expand the space; Dianshan separated from the appreciation of the peak stone and developed a unique skill of the Yangpai folding stone, pursuing the artistic conception of mountain residence, and writing the simulation mountain momentum with boxing, mountain water and spoonful water: the management of water followed the idea of not flowing water into the garden and there was a practice of "Tiangou". The water form still uses the traditional square pond still water, slightly twists and turns the change first to hide the tail, occasionally sees "the dry orchard water works" the case. Influenced by the aesthetic view of the canal formed by the Southern Patrol, the garden uses the combination of mountains and rocks with architecture, the building of long buildings and corridors and the method of wrapping feet to form the complex traversing garden space. The garden plants emphasize the attitude appreciation and the meaning of "Bi Xing" and take into account the flowers of the four seasons, and attach importance to collocation of color and fragrance; in the early stage of the garden, there are still places for the crane to feed the fish, and the folk custom for the private garden of the Ming Dynasty, which placed the bonsai; Architectural decoration style is more tall and straight than southern Jiangsu, color more simple, rough lines, both Western, official elements, with an open and diversified style. Yangzhou private garden in the late Qing Dynasty is an excellent example of Jiangnan garden in Qing Dynasty, which has precious historical data and artistic value. Its gardening method, especially Yangpai's stone-stacking technique, has confirmed and continued the theory described in "Yuan Ye", which still has reference significance today.
【学位授予单位】：北京林业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：TU986

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