我国部分省市食品安全现状与监管体制改革的研究

发布时间：2018-06-06 07:03

本文选题：食品安全 + 食品安全事件　；参考：《复旦大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：目的旨在通过汇总我国近年来媒体曝光的食品安全事件,界定并分析其性质、种类,总结其发生趋势与规律,纵向概览我国食品安全监管体系的历史沿革,横向比较国内外发达国家监管体系；同时结合访谈与实证考查,对正在开展的食品安全监管体制改革的进展与所遇问题进行梳理,就进一步完善我国食品安全监管机制,提高食品安全监管效率提出意见建议,为食品安全监管体制的完善提供借鉴。方法采用文献回顾和实证分析等规范研究方法对食品安全监管的一般理论、制度安排模式、体系构建等进行系统分析；采用描述性流行病学方法分析2004～2012年经纸媒、各大门户网站等曝光的我国食品安全事件；并对上海、山东、甘肃和四川四个省市食品安全及监管现状、机构改革情况等展开实证调查,采用判断抽样、方便抽样和雪球抽样的方法对相关知情人进行深入访谈。结果在2004年1月1日～2012年12月31日期间,我国累计曝光食品安全事件总计2489件,其中16.5%涉及多个地区,华北地区曝光数最多,占总数近1/3,北京、广东、山东分别占15.9%、11.3%和6.7%；历年曝光食品安全事件数呈波动趋势,2011年达到峰值723件；所有食品安全事件中,肉类和蛋类及零食类所占比例最高,分别占总数的22.1%和15.7%,谷类薯类,奶(豆)及其制品,蔬菜水果所占比例分别为13.1%,10.7%和9.2%；食品生产加工环节问题所占比例为64%,13.9%的问题涉及初级农产品的生产,另有10.2%和8.0%分别涉及流通销售和餐饮消费；所有食品安全事件中,近1/3为违反食品添加剂的管理规定,致病性微生物、农兽药残留与重金属超标所占比例合计约为1/4。上海和四川两地食品安全监管人员中大学本科学历的比例分别为70.0%和41.5%；上海食品安全监管人员中研究生的比例为18.7%,远高于四川省的1.4%；四川省食品安全监管人员中大专及以下学历占到57.2%,上海仅为11.6%。上海市食品安全监管人员从业年限小于10年的人员所占比例为41.7%,高于四川的35.1%；从业年限10-30年的比例为50.1%,低于四川省的57.5%；从业年限大于30年的监管人员比例两地均为7.5%-8.2%左右。四川省餐饮食品安全监管人员中85%为区县级监管人员,甘肃省区县级监管人员比例亦达到80.2%；地市级(市州级)监管人员比例分别为12.8%和16.4%；省级(含副省级)监管人员比例在2.0%-3.5%之间。在生产经营许可方面,2010～2013年,上海市食品相关许可证发放数量逐年增加,发放食品生产许可证数量逐年减少,2010～2013年分别为3820、3086、2982和2672张。流通类许可证的发放量由2010年的64619张增至2013年的137198张。2013年发放餐饮类许可证60982张,较之2012年增加了约5%。截至2013年底,上海市全市食品生产企业全部实行了量化分级管理。2013年,A级企业比例较2009～2012年有所增加；B级企业较之前两年比例亦有所增加；C级企业的比例则有所减少。食品流通类企业一类企业从2011年的91.8%减至2013年的88.5%；二类企业的比例则从2011年的5.2%增至2013年的6.6%；三类和四类企业分别从2011年的1.5%和1.5%增至2013年的2.1%和2.8%。A级餐饮服务单位的比例从2010年的13.0%增至2013年的近1/3；B级和C级单位的比例则逐年下降,其中B级从2010年的75.5%减至2013年的61.4%。在监督抽检方面,2010～2013年上海市种养殖环节食品抽检合格率最高,均为99.9%；其次为进出口环节,抽检合格率均在99%以上；餐饮环节抽检合格率相对较低,在86.1%-88.9%之间。2011～2013年上海市食品安全相关各部门每年查处各类食品安全违法案件数量呈逐年增加趋势,三年总计查处32310件。总体而言,各部门食药监部门和工商部门查处食品安全违法案件数均位于前列。在食品安全投诉举报方面,公众对于食品安全重视度逐年提高,2013年咨询、投诉和举报数较之2012年均有显著增加。涉及的主要食品种类为米饭和菜肴、肉及其制品、粮食及其制品、焙烤食品及饮料类。在食品安全风险监测、评估和交流方面,我国食品安全风险监测网络逐步完善,自2005年,上海市食品安全风险监测固定采样点数量逐年增加。2013年全市固定采样点调整至456个,同比增加204%。近年来我国已开展过包括食品中丙烯酰胺、面粉中过氧化苯甲酰、食品中苏丹红和婴幼儿奶粉中三聚氰胺等的风险评估。上海亦在原有基础上完善了长期、常规和应急评估相结合的评估体系。我国还开展了一系列食品安全风险交流工作,包括2005年的“苏丹红”事件、“三聚氰胺污染奶粉”事件、人感染猪链球菌病事件处置风险交流等。结论经济水平较高的地区食品安全事件曝光率相对较高：肉类和蛋类和零食类食品安全事件问题相对高发；违反食品添加剂管理规定和微生物、有害化学物超标等食品安全问题尤为突出；曝光的食品安全事件中,64.0%的食品安全问题产生于食品生产加工环节。目前我国食品安全监管的法律法规与标准尚不完善,存在着如法律法规更新缓慢,追究乏力,相应的配套制度不完善,标准不健全且较为分散,未形成相应的体系,与国际接轨度不高等问题。食品安全监管队伍的建设较之以往有较大进步,但在编制、人员数量结构上仍存在严重不足。目前我国食品安全风险监测仍缺乏连续、主动的监测与评价数据,可以系统覆盖从农田到餐桌的全食物链,应在合理范围内增加监测点的设置,增加专业技术设备的投入,增加风险监测的食品及致病菌种类,不断充实和完善风险监测数据库。食品安全风险评估的研究仍主要建立于发达国家建立的成熟体系之上,基于本国实际情况的风险监测信息及信息收集机制尚不健全,风险评估所需的数据基础匮乏,专业技术人员及技术保障能力的不足,应加强相关的人力、物力及财力的投入,不断建立健全风险监测信息收集机制体系。在风险交流方面,食品安全监管仍存在“交流缺位”。包括：对食品安全事件反应缓慢,交流工作不及时,缺乏科学分析基础,相关的风险交流研究工作较少,且多集中在重大突发性事件,旨在强调以事件为中心的应急交流和沟通等。应借鉴国际经验完善相应制度,建立专业的机构,培养专业人才。在科学的风险评估基础上进行有效的风险交流。始于2013年3月的国务院机构体制改革对食品安全监管机构体制做出许多重大改变,这是一次效果较好的尝试,但推进过程同样遇到诸多如编制、职责调整、政策执行、人员划转等方面的问题和阻力,尚需进一步完善。
[Abstract]:The purpose of this paper is to summarize and analyze the food security incidents in China in recent years , to define and analyze the nature and type of food security , summarize the trend and law of the food security , and to compare the historical evolution of China ' s food safety supervision system in the longitudinal direction , and compare the regulatory system of developed countries at home and abroad .
At the same time , combined with the interview and the empirical examination , combing the progress of the reform of the food safety supervision system and the problems encountered , further improving the food safety supervision mechanism of our country and improving the efficiency of the food safety supervision , and providing reference for the perfection of the food safety supervision system . The method adopts the normative research methods such as literature review and empirical analysis to analyze the general theory , system arrangement mode , system construction and the like of the food safety supervision .
Descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the food security incidents in China from 2004 to 2012 , such as paper media and large portal sites .
In the period from January 1 , 2004 to December 31 , 2012 , there were 2489 safety incidents in China . The results showed that in the period from January 1 , 2004 to December 31 , 2012 , there were 2489 security incidents in China , including 16.5 % of which involved multiple areas , with the largest exposure in North China , accounting for 15.9 % , 11.3 % and 6.7 % in Beijing , Guangdong and Shandong respectively .
The number of food safety incidents in the past years showed a fluctuating trend , reaching a peak of 723 in 2011 ;
In all food safety incidents , the proportion of meat and eggs and snacks was the highest , accounting for 22.1 % and 15.7 % of the total , and the proportion of cereals , milk ( beans ) and their products and vegetables and fruits were 13.1 % , 10.7 % and 9.2 % , respectively ;
The proportion of food production and processing links was 64 % , 13.9 % related to the production of primary agricultural products , and 10.2 % and 8.0 % respectively related to circulation sales and catering consumption ;
In all food safety incidents , nearly 1 / 3 of the food safety incidents violated the regulation of food additives , and the proportion of pathogenic microorganism , pesticide residue and heavy metal exceeded the standard of about 1 / 4 . The proportion of college undergraduate degree in food safety supervisors in Shanghai and Sichuan were 70.0 % and 41.5 % , respectively ;
The proportion of graduate students in food safety supervisors in Shanghai is 18.7 % , which is much higher than 1.4 % in Sichuan Province ;
In Sichuan food safety supervisor , the college degree and the following academic qualifications account for 57.2 % , and Shanghai is only 11.6 % . The proportion of people in Shanghai food safety supervisors less than 10 years is 41.7 % , which is higher than that in Sichuan .
From 10 to 30 years of service life , the proportion is 50.1 % , which is lower than that of 57.5 % in Sichuan Province ;
The proportion of supervisors who have more than 30 years of service life is 7.5 % - 8.2 % . 85 % of food safety supervisors in Sichuan Province are county - level supervisors , and the proportion of county - level supervisors in Gansu Province is also up to 80.2 % .
The proportion of supervisors in prefecture - level ( city state ) was 12.8 % and 16.4 % , respectively .
The proportion of supervision personnel at the provincial level ( including sub - provincial ) is between 2.0 % and 3.5 % . In terms of production and operation license , the number of issuance of food - related licenses in Shanghai increased year by year , and the number of issued food production licenses decreased year by year . In 2013 - 2013 , it increased by about 5 % from 64619 in 2010 . By the end of 2013 , the total number of food production enterprises in Shanghai had increased by about 5 % . By the end of 2013 , the proportion of enterprises in grade A was increased from 2009 to 2012 ;
The proportion of B - level enterprises has also increased over the previous two years ;
The proportion of C - class enterprises has been reduced . A group of food circulation enterprises has been reduced from 91.8 % in 2011 to 85.5 % in 2013 ;
The proportion of Class II enterprises increased from 5.2 per cent in 2011 to 6.6 per cent in 2013 ;
Three and four categories of enterprises increased from 1.5 per cent in 2011 and 1.5 per cent in 2013 to 2.1 per cent in 2013 and 2.8 per cent in 2013 . The percentage of A - level catering service rose from 13.0 per cent in 2010 to approximately 1 / 3 in 2013 ;
The proportion of Class B and C units decreased year by year , in which the grade B was reduced from 75.5 % in 2010 to 61.4 % in 2013 . In the area of supervision and sampling , the highest qualified rate of food sampling in Shanghai breeding links between 2010 and 2013 was 99.9 % ;
secondly , the qualification rate of the import and export is more than 99 percent ;
In recent years , the number of food safety risk monitoring and fixed sampling points in Shanghai has been increased year by year . In recent years , there have been a series of risk assessment systems for food safety risk monitoring in China . In recent years , China has developed a series of food safety risk exchange work , including the " Sudan Red " incident in 2005 , " melamine tainted milk powder " event , human infection , streptococcus disease event disposal risk exchange , etc .
Violation of food additive management regulations and food safety problems such as microbial and harmful chemicals are especially prominent ;
Food safety supervision still lacks continuous and active monitoring and evaluation data .
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：F203

【参考文献】