我国大学生供需匹配问题的研究

发布时间：2018-08-16 08:33

【摘要】：本文以当前社会经济发展下就业矛盾日益突出的现象为大背景,从劳动力市场供需匹配角度研究大学生就业难问题。面对当前大学生供需状况的迅速改变,大学生劳动力市场的承载能力在“量”和“质”两方面达到瞬时饱和,就业难度急剧增加,就业质量急剧降低。大学生在求职过程中很难找到适合的工作,而用人单位在招聘过程中也较难找到适合的人才。大学生与目前劳动力市场之间的供求失衡,造成了社会需求与人才供给的错位,大学生面临着就业难和就业质量低的问题,这将引致个人、家庭以及社会对教育资本投入的损失,并对经济增长产生消极影响。因此,为了找到大学生就业难和就业质量低的深层次原因,从而解决大学生就业问题,本文通过规范分析与实证分析结合的方法对大学生就业问题进行了研究。在对以往文献回顾的基础上,通过分析我国大学生就业概况及大学生劳动力市场的供需现状,总结出目前我国大学生劳动力市场确实存在大学生劳动力的供需不匹配问题。在对大学生劳动力市场供需现状的分析中,本文基于行业分组数据从行业角度入手,利用实证分析方法,通过将劳动力分类为一般技能劳动力和高素质技能劳动力,引入生产函数模型,回归分析得出一般技能劳动力和高素质技能劳动力对不同行业的贡献率,并通过与目前我国各行业对大学生吸纳能力的比较分析,结合不同行业与学科专业设置的对应关系,详细地分析了我国各行业视角下大学生供需的表现及问题：一方面,一些行业未能充分发挥大学生人力资本的作用,产业结构与管理方式有待优化与改进；另一方面,一些专业的大学生培养力度与培养质量有待进一步加强与提高。然后,本文针对目前我国大学生供需不匹配问题的现状,从劳动力供给、劳动力需求、大学生心理、体制因素几个角度分析了我国大学生供需不匹配问题的成因,并将成因深层次的归纳为教育体制与产业结构不匹配。最后,根据成因提出国家在长期内深化产业结构调整,加强高等教育改革,以解决大学生就业问题的政策建议。
[Abstract]:Under the background of the increasingly prominent employment contradiction in the current social and economic development, this paper studies the employment difficulties of college students from the point of view of matching the supply and demand of labor market. Facing the rapid change of college students' supply and demand, the carrying capacity of college students' labor market has reached instantaneous saturation in both quantity and quality, the difficulty of employment has increased sharply, and the quality of employment has decreased sharply. It is difficult for college students to find suitable jobs in the process of seeking employment, and it is also difficult for employers to find suitable talents in the process of recruitment. The imbalance between supply and demand between college students and the current labor market has resulted in the dislocation of social demand and talent supply. College students are faced with the problems of difficult employment and low employment quality, which will lead to individuals. The loss of investment in education by families and society has a negative impact on economic growth. Therefore, in order to find out the deep-seated causes of the difficulty and low quality of employment for college students, this paper studies the employment of college students by combining normative analysis with empirical analysis. On the basis of reviewing the previous literatures, this paper analyzes the employment situation of college students in China and the supply and demand situation of college students' labor market, and concludes that there is a problem of mismatch between supply and demand of college students' labor force in the current labor market of college students in our country. In the analysis of the supply and demand situation of the college students' labor market, this paper starts from the industry angle based on the industry grouping data, and classifies the labor force into general skilled labor force and high quality skilled labor force by using the empirical analysis method. With the introduction of production function model, the contribution rate of general skilled labor force and high quality skilled labor force to different industries is obtained by regression analysis. Combined with the corresponding relationship between different industries and disciplines, this paper analyzes in detail the performance and problems of college students' supply and demand from the perspective of different industries: on the one hand, some industries fail to give full play to the role of college students' human capital. On the other hand, the training strength and quality of some college students need to be further strengthened and improved. Then, in view of the current situation of supply and demand mismatch of college students in our country, this paper analyzes the causes of the mismatch of supply and demand of college students from the aspects of labor supply, labor demand, college students' psychology and system factors. And will cause the deep-level induction for the education system and the industrial structure does not match. Finally, according to the cause of formation, the paper puts forward some policy suggestions on how to deepen the adjustment of industrial structure and strengthen the reform of higher education in order to solve the employment problem of college students in the long term.
【学位授予单位】：北京交通大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：F249.21

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