美国、日本和巴西的城市化模式比较

发布时间：2018-09-18 09:53

【摘要】：城市的出现和城市化进程是社会进步、发展的必然结果,也是社会文明的主要标志。当今世界的城市化进程起端于近代欧洲,城市化有其普遍性特征,但是由于国际背景、国内发展阶段、政治体制等的差异,各国或各地区的城市化呈现出不同特征,从而形成了不同的城市化类型和模式。从国别的角度看,世界各国的城市化路径模式可以分为以英国、荷兰和美国为代表的先发国家的城市化模式,以德国、日本为代表的后发国家的城市化模式,以及以巴西为代表的发展中国家的模式。本文主要分为三大部分。其中第一部分是第一章“绪论部分”,包括对城市化的研究现状的综述、写作思路和研究方法。第二部分是论文的主体,包括第二章、第三章和第四章。这三章从国别的角度,来研究世界城市化的模式特点。其中第二章论述了以美国为代表的先发城市化模式的特点。以美国独立为其城市化的起点,把美国城市化进程划分为1790-1830年的初始阶段,1830-1930年的加速阶段,1930年到如今的高度城市化阶段。可以看出美国城市化有早发性的特征,其早发性决定了美国在城市化过程中基本上没有面临国际社会的压力,有充足的时间逐步解决在城市化过程中出现的各种问题。另外,国家和政府对现城市化干预少,基本上是依靠社会、市场的力量来推动城市化进程的。第三章论述了以日本为代表的后发城市化模式的特点。日本城市化从“明治维新”开始,大致经历了二战前的早期城镇化、二战重建初期城镇化、加速城市化时期和高度城市化后的完善期等四个时期。日本在开始其城市化时面临着严峻的民族危机,其国内是一个分散的、缺乏整合的封建制国家。同时日本的城市化面临着紧迫的时间压力。由此决定了日本城市化是在政府主导下实现的。第四章论述了以巴西为代表的广大发展中国家城市化模式特点。巴西的城市化进程在其殖民地时期已经开始出现,在巴西实现独立之后,其城市化的过程大致可以划分为两个阶段。第一阶段是20世纪30年代以前城市化的初级阶段；第二阶段是在1930年巴西发生了瓦加斯革命后,巴西进入了有一定政府规划性的城市化阶段。到目前,巴西已经实现了高度的城市化。巴西城市化发展深受殖民地时期遗留因素的影响。由于政府的合法性和权威性较弱,政府在巴西城市化的过程中的主导性也较弱。巴西在城市化中出现了过度城市化,表现在巴西的城市,特别是一些大都市存在着各种各样的城市病。第三部分是文章的结论部分。首先,对美国、日本和巴西的城市化模式的异同进行了比较,并进一步分析出存在差异原因。其次,通过国外城市化模式差异的比较得出对我国城市化发展启示和借鉴意义。我国当今也正处于现代化和城市化的加速阶段,研究国外一些国家城市化进程中所体现出来的各种特点,可以作为我国城市化的借鉴。
[Abstract]:The emergence of cities and the process of urbanization are the inevitable result of social progress, development and the main symbol of social civilization. The process of urbanization in today's world began in modern Europe. Urbanization has its universal characteristics. However, due to the differences in international background, domestic development stage, political system and so on, the urbanization of various countries or regions is not present. From the national point of view, the urbanization path patterns of the countries in the world can be divided into the urbanization patterns of the first-developing countries represented by Britain, the Netherlands and the United States, the urbanization patterns of the later-developing countries represented by Germany and Japan, and the developing countries represented by Brazil. Model.
This paper is mainly divided into three parts. The first part is the first chapter "Introduction", which includes a review of the status quo of urbanization research, writing ideas and research methods.
The second part is the main body of the paper, including Chapter 2, Chapter 3 and Chapter 4. These three chapters study the characteristics of the world's urbanization model from a national perspective. Chapter 2 discusses the characteristics of the pre-emptive urbanization model represented by the United States. In the initial stage, the acceleration stage from 1830 to 1930, and the high urbanization stage from 1930 to now, we can see that the urbanization of the United States has the characteristics of early-onset, and its early-onset determines that the United States basically does not face the pressure of the international community in the process of urbanization, and has sufficient time to gradually solve various problems in the process of urbanization. In addition, the state and government have little intervention in urbanization, basically relying on social and market forces to promote urbanization. Chapter 3 discusses the characteristics of the late-development urbanization model represented by Japan. Japan is facing a severe national crisis at the beginning of its urbanization, and its domestic is a decentralized and lack of integrated feudal country. At the same time, Japan's urbanization is facing an urgent time pressure. Chapter Four discusses the characteristics of urbanization patterns in developing countries represented by Brazil. The process of urbanization in Brazil has begun to emerge in its colonial period. After the independence of Brazil, the process of urbanization can be roughly divided into two stages. The first stage is the primary stage of urbanization before the 1930s. In the second stage, after the Vargas Revolution in Brazil in 1930, Brazil entered a planned stage of urbanization. Up to now, Brazil has achieved a high degree of urbanization. The dominance in the process of urbanization is also weak. Brazil has been over-urbanized in the process of urbanization, which is manifested in the presence of various urban diseases in Brazilian cities, especially in some metropolitan areas.
The third part is the conclusion of the article. Firstly, the similarities and differences of urbanization modes in the United States, Japan and Brazil are compared, and the reasons for the differences are further analyzed. Secondly, the enlightenment and reference significance to China's urbanization development are drawn from the comparison of the differences of foreign urbanization modes. At the accelerating stage, the study of the characteristics of urbanization in some foreign countries can be used as a reference for China's urbanization.
【学位授予单位】：河南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：F299.1

【相似文献】