风景公共利益及保护

发布时间：2018-11-21 11:50

【摘要】：本文归纳并分析了我国损害风景公共利益的典型现象及相关法制、资源战略存在的缺陷，认为公共利益侵害现象的多样性、严重性、普遍性及法律保护的乏力使本研究具有重要意义。损害风景公共利益现象与问题的根源在于我国缺乏以公共利益为本位的风景价值认知、风景资源国家战略与全方位的法律保护，所以对风景公共利益及保护进行系统化、框架性的理论研究是当务之急。本文综合运动价值分析、公共利益理论与历史方法，论证风景价值的正当性及价值观念的社会化使风景具有公共利益属性。在风景公共利益内容的识别方面，本文对风景公共利益内容的界定定位于宏观层面，根据风景的使用主体（民众）、供给与管制主体（国家）和风景资源客体的三元作用规律，将风景公共利益分为4项内容，也是其保护目标与战略的出发点，以及保护结构的基础：1）国家保护风景资源本体；2）强化资源公益性，保证公众正当使用的权益；3）公民科学认知风景；4）风景资源民主化管理。通过综合经验事实验证、逻辑实证、历史考察、综合、比较等方法，本文归结出以上4项利益的保护结构：1）对于风景资源本体保护，不同国家建立了公共财产的公共信托制度和公物制度，以私有财产限制的国家征收、警察权、保护地役等法律工具作为实施保障，通过多样的保护区系统、人类聚居环境中的土地利用控制来实现；2）对于公众使用风景的正当性，国家保障公民户外游憩权益并提供游憩设施公共服务，，设立（风景）进入权作为一种社会权，通过公益性门票价格、价格监管和政府财政投入保证公民在享用风景资源上的经济可承受性；3）对于公民科学认知风景资源，应建立保护区的科学解说教育项目，并在基本教育中加入环境教育，实施与保障风景资源科学研究；4）在公民参与风景资源管理方面，风景信息公开与知情权，公民决策监督权、参与决策权，环境公益诉讼和行政公益诉讼制度是保证公共参与的途径。此外，本文论述了每项保护结构的具有代表性的国内外制度。最终，本文以对策法学、规范法学与制度比较方法，对我国风景公共利益及保护提出15项风景资源国家战略，以及法制化途径——制定本领域基本法《风景资源法》，并从建构可救济的社会权视角提出风景权，探讨其权利要素。
[Abstract]:This paper sums up and analyzes the typical phenomena of harming the public interests of the landscape, the defects of the related legal system and the resource strategy, and thinks that the variety and seriousness of the phenomenon of the infringement of the public interests, The universality and lack of legal protection make this study of great significance. The root of the phenomenon and problem of harming the public interest of landscape lies in the lack of the cognition of landscape value based on public interest, the national strategy of landscape resources and the all-around legal protection in our country, so we systematize the public interest and protection of landscape. It is urgent to study the frame theory. This paper synthesizes the analysis of sports value, the theory of public interest and the historical method, and proves that the legitimacy of landscape value and the socialization of value concept make landscape have the attribute of public interest. In the aspect of identifying the content of public interest of landscape, the definition of content of public interest of landscape in this paper is fixed at the macroscopic level, according to the ternary action law of the subject of use of scenery (people), the subject of supply and control (state) and the object of landscape resource. The public interest of landscape is divided into four parts, which is also the starting point of its protection goal and strategy, and the foundation of the protection structure: 1) the national protection of landscape resources; 2) strengthening the public welfare of resources, ensuring the rights and interests of the public to use them properly; 3) recognizing the scenery scientifically by citizens; 4) democratizing the management of landscape resources. By synthesizing empirical facts verification, logical demonstration, historical investigation, synthesis, comparison and other methods, this paper concludes the above four benefits of protection structure: 1) for the protection of landscape resources ontology, Different countries have established public trust systems and public property systems for public property, using the legal instruments of state expropriation, police power, protected land servitude, etc., which are restricted by private property, as safeguards for their implementation, through a variety of protected area systems. Land use control in human settlements; 2) for the legitimacy of public use of scenery, the state protects citizens' rights and interests of outdoor recreation and provides public services for recreational facilities, and establishes (scenery) right of entry as a kind of social right, through public welfare ticket price, Price supervision and government financial input to ensure that citizens in the enjoyment of landscape resources on the economic affordability; 3) for the citizens' scientific cognition of landscape resources, we should establish the scientific explanation education project of the reserve, and add environmental education to the basic education, and carry out and guarantee the scientific research of landscape resources. 4) in the aspect of citizen's participation in the management of landscape resources, the public information of scenery and the right to know, the right to supervise the citizen's decision, the right to participate in the decision, the system of environmental public interest litigation and the system of administrative public interest litigation are the ways to ensure public participation. In addition, this paper discusses the representative of each protection structure at home and abroad. Finally, by means of countermeasure law, standardizing the method of comparing law and system, this paper puts forward 15 national strategies for the public interest and protection of landscape resources in our country, as well as the way of legalization-making the basic Law of Landscape Resources in this field "Scenic Resources Law". And put forward the landscape right from the angle of constructing the social right which can be saved, and discuss its right elements.
【学位授予单位】：清华大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：F592.7

【参考文献】