农村信用体系建设与农户小额贷款研究

发布时间：2018-01-17 01:02

本文关键词：农村信用体系建设与农户小额贷款研究　出处：《中国社会科学院研究生院》2017年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：当前,商业银行推动农民小额信贷的一个重要瓶颈就是小额信贷信息不够透明,银行对农民信贷风险难以控制的问题。农村小额信贷的支持对象主要是农村贫困人口,这类人群缺乏信用记录,长期以来合格抵押物和担保缺失的事实,使得在国家金融支农力度不断加大的背景下,一般农户依旧难以获得融资支持,这成为“三农”发展的重要制约。本文试图对农民信用评级和农村信用体系建设解决农民小额信用贷款的瓶颈问题进行研究探讨。本文首先明确小额信贷对于农民维持生产和扩大生产的积极作用,探讨农民获得小额贷款的来源、机制和数量,以及农村金融机构在向农民发放小额信贷时所受到的阻碍机制。本文通过对农村信用体系建设的政策分析、实际调研和案例分析发现,金融机构形成“农户+征信+信贷”的业务模式,为农户贷款建立了通道。征信本身的信息记录功能和对激励与惩罚措施的规定,降低了农民在重复博弈中的机会主义和道德风险,有助于农村良好信用风气的形成。本文梳理了我国农村信用体系建设的发展历程,对各地农村信用体系建设的情况进行了总体分析,发现在推进农户信用评级方面,各地根据自身的情况有很多的创新,主要是依托政府的组织协调能力,善用村一级基层组织的力量和社会组织的力量,来推动农户信息的收集和信用等级的评定。同时农村金融机构把农户信用评价结果与贷款投放和风险控制相结合,推动农民小额贷款的规范化发展。在对农民进行信用等级评定的过程中,也加深了基层组织和农民之间的相互信任,农民获得了生产资金,对农村和农业进行投入和开发,农村金融生态发展形成良性循环。本文对新疆农村信用工程建设做了案例分析,发现有很多值得借鉴的闪光点。(1)建立适合农民的信用评价机制,聘请村支书兼任农村信用社的信贷协管员,开展农户资料搜集和信用初评;(2)实现信贷利率、期限、额度与农村经济主体的信用等级相连接。(3)进一步完善了涉农金融机构农村地区的金融服务网点,推广电子支付,解决农民居住比较分散的问题。本文对农民信用等级评定对农户贷款的影响因子做了样本实证研究,通过数据分析发现,(1)信用等级主要解决农户贷款准入门槛的问题,是银行识别客户的重要依据,银行对于信用等级高的农户,发放的贷款也多。(2)数据分析同时显示,受到贷款用途的影响,并非信用等级高的农户就一定能够获得信用贷款,更多时候是由贷款投向所决定的。对于预期收入风险较高的贷款投向,为抵补这部分风险,银行往往会采取保证等方式办理。(3)贷款用途相对于信用评级和贷款方式,对贷款期限的影响最大,贷款用途对利率影响也最为明显。(4)通过实证发现,银行在贷款利率定价时,对于贷款方式(保证或信用)有一定偏好,信用贷款的人明显比保证贷款的人利率更高,平均要高出0.88%。这说明,农村信用体系建设还处于初步阶段,银行对于信用评定的认识也在处级阶段,银行风险控制还是偏好于担保和保证,在未来,随着农村信用体系建设的深入,这种情况应该会改变。在对政策、案例和实证分析的基础上,本文建议如下:(1)进一步统一农户信用档案和信用评级的格式,有制可循。(2)政府部门在农村信用工程建设中担任领导作用,政府部门在政策上向涉农金融机构予以倾刹,对信用户、信用村(镇)的集体和个人进行正向激励,将信用工程建设与农村产业结构调整紧密结合起来,引导农民选好发展项目。(3)农村金融机构在农村信用工程建设中承担主办作用,是各方汇集的终端。信用社应与当地政府部门和农民多沟通,把信用建设与完善信贷机制相结合,打造小额信用贷款品牌。(4)推动评定结果的互认,节约金融机构管理成本,方便农户贷款申请,提高获得贷款的成功率。(5)重视大数据、区块链技术在农户征信过程中的使用,这是未来的发展方向。大数据征信等科技金融在农村的使用,可以改变传统农户信贷风险管理模式,使之更有效率。本文最后得出结论:农村信用体系建设通过制度公共物品的提供,激活了农村的金融生态环境。在需求上降低了农民的贷款门槛,简化了农民的贷款手续,增加了农户的贷款,农户将获得的资金投入农村建设中,促进了农村经济的发展。在供给上,农村信用体系建设为农村金融机构控制金融风险提供了工具和抓手,以此增加金融供给,提高了产出水平。农村信用体系建设也能在一定程度上抑制农村资金的外流,使农村的高额净储蓄支持农村这个地域广阔、人口众多的市场发展,并获得更高收益。以农村信用体系建设所引致的农村金融发展,不仅有助于纠正严重失衡的城乡二元结构,而且为中国经济长期可持续发展奠定基础,因此农村信用体系建设应不断完善,在农村更深入的持续下去。
[Abstract]:At present, commercial banks to promote farmers microfinance is an important bottleneck of micro credit information is not transparent, the Bank of farmers credit risk control problems. The rural micro credit support is the main target of rural poor population, this population lack of credit records, long qualified collateral and guarantees the absence of facts, which continue to increase in the national financial support under the background of the general farmers are still difficult to obtain financing support, which become an important restricting rural development. This paper tries to study the bottleneck problem of farmers' credit rating and credit system construction to solve the rural micro credit loans to farmers. Firstly, clear microfinance plays a positive role in maintaining production and farmers to expand production the discussion of the source of small loans for farmers, the mechanism and quantity, and the rural financial institutions issued to farmers in small When the credit mechanism is hindered. Based on the analysis of the rural credit system construction policy, practical investigation and case analysis found that financial institutions to form a "farmer + credit + credit" business model, establish a channel for information recording work of credit loans to farmers. The energy and of the incentive and punishment measures, reduce farmer in a repeated game of opportunism and moral hazard, contribute to the formation of rural credit good atmosphere. This paper reviews the development course of the rural credit system construction in China, construction of rural credit system around the situation for the overall analysis, found in promoting the credit rating, there are a lot of innovation according to the country the situation is mainly relying on the government organization and coordination ability, make use of village level organizations at the grass-roots level of strength and strength of social organization, to promote farmers' information collection and credit Evaluation of rural financial institutions. At the same time the farmer credit evaluation and credit risk control and the combination of standardized development of farmers to promote microfinance. In the process of credit rating for farmers, also deepened mutual trust between organizations and farmers, for farmers to obtain the production funds, investment and the development of agriculture and rural development of rural financial ecology, forming a virtuous circle. This paper makes a case analysis on the construction of credit in rural areas of Xinjiang, found that there are a lot of valuable flash point. (1) establish farmer credit evaluation mechanism, the village party secretary concurrently hired the rural credit cooperatives credit coordinators, to carry out household data collection and credit evaluation; (2) the credit interest rate, term, amount and credit level of rural economic main body is connected. (3) to further improve the agriculture related financial institutions in the rural areas of financial services Network promotion, electronic payment, farmers living scattered problems. This paper gives an empirical study on the sample of farmers credit rating factors on loans to farmers, through the analysis of the data found that (1) the credit rating is mainly to solve the problem of farmers loans access threshold, is an important basis for banks to identify customers, the bank for high credit rating the farmers loans also. (2) data analysis also showed that affected the use of the loans, not high credit rating of farmers will be able to get credit loans, loans to invest more time by the decision. The higher the risk of expected income loans, to offset this risk, banks tend to to ensure the way of handling. (3) the use of the loans relative to the credit rating and loans, the maximum loan period of loan interest rate, use effect is most obvious. (by 4) The empirical study indicates that the bank loan interest rate pricing, for the loan (guarantee or credit) have certain preferences, credit guarantee loans are significantly more than higher interest rates, higher than the average 0.88%. this shows that the rural credit system construction is still in the initial stage, the bank credit rating is at the primary stage the bank, risk control or preference for collateral and guarantees, in the future, with the deepening of the rural credit system construction, this situation should be changed. In the policy based case analysis and empirical analysis, the suggestions are as follows: (1) to further unify farmers credit files and credit rating format, system (2 to follow.) the government sector as the leading role in the construction of rural credit project, government departments in the policy to the agriculture related financial institutions to be inclined to the letter Rizal, user, credit village (town) of the collective and individual positive incentives, the credit industry The construction and adjustment of rural industrial structure closely, to guide farmers to choose development projects. (3) the rural financial institutions to undertake the host role in the construction of rural credit project, is the terminal parties pooled. Credit cooperatives should communicate with the local government and farmers, the credit construction and perfect credit mechanism combining to create small credit brand. (4) to promote the evaluation results of the recognition, saving the cost of management of financial institutions, to facilitate the farmers loan application, improve the success rate of obtaining loans. (5) pay attention to big data, block chain technology used in household credit in the process, this is the future direction of the development of big data technology. Credit and other financial service in rural areas, farmers can change the traditional credit risk management mode, to make it more efficient. This paper finally draws the conclusion: the construction of rural credit system by providing a system of public goods, the activation of the rural financial The ecological environment in the demand for reducing farmers' loan threshold, simplify the farmers loan procedures, increase farmers' loans, farmers will receive funding for rural construction, promote the development of rural economy. In the supply of rural credit system construction, provides a tool to control the financial risk and the starting point for rural financial institutions, in order to increase financial supply, improve the level of output. The outflow of the rural credit system construction also inhibited the rural capital to a certain extent, the rural high net savings to support rural market development of this vast territory, large population, and higher income. With the development of rural finance caused by the construction of rural credit system. Not only has two structure in urban and rural areas to help correct the imbalance, and lay the foundation for China long-term sustainable economic development, so the construction of rural credit system should be perfected, in the countryside Go on in depth.

【学位授予单位】：中国社会科学院研究生院
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：F832.4

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