家族信托相关法律问题研究

发布时间：2018-03-30 09:35

本文选题：家族信托　切入点：权利义务　出处：《华东政法大学》2016年硕士论文

【摘要】：随着私人财富增长,国内高净值人群的规模已然庞大,家族财富传承的市场需求愈发强烈。古语有云:“君子之泽,五世而斩”。为打破“富不过三代”的魔咒,越来越多富豪开始选择以家族信托的方式来管理家产。另一方面,大资管时代群雄并起,传统信托业承压转型,信托公司急于摆脱通道角色、提升主动管理能力。家族信托契合这一转型方向,成为众多信托公司争先抢滩的业务领域。家族信托是以家庭财富的管理、传承和保护为目的的信托,在境外已有广泛运用,本文第一部分借用三则境外家族信托案例,描绘了其所具有的丰富功能,包括帮助委托人实现财富传承、财产保护、子女供养、企业治理、税务筹划、慈善事业等多种目的。家族信托灵活的机制、显著的功能同样引起了我国财富管理市场的关注,从2013年始,境内信托公司、私人银行、第三方理财机构等先后推出该类产品,抢占市场先机。笔者总结了目前境内家族信托的主要模式,并将其与传统的信托类型进行比较,在肯定其应用价值的基础上也指出了其发展受限的原因所在:一方面,我国信托法带有明显的强制法意味,与家族信托的“自由”价值理念产生冲突,主要表现为信托主体的权利义务失衡;另一方面,信托业长期以来专注于资金类财产管理,信托配套制度未能及时构建或完善,以至于房产类、股权类资产较难置入家族信托。本文第二部分就信托主体权利义务失衡问题进行分析并提出对策。相比于营业信托对“效率”的价值追求,家族信托更为尊重委托人的意志,具有定制化和灵活性的特征,然目前信托法的诸多强行性规范与委托人的自由意志实现产生了冲突,这需要我们重新反思信托法所具有的强行法品格,并对其进行任意法方向的改造:对于委托人生前的权利保留,只要信托目的不违法,信托法应当尊重这种意思自治,但是要在税收和破产隔离上区别对待;对于受托人的谨慎义务,信托法应当尽快明确其标准,并根据受托人在信托事务中的管理权限区分适用,如受托人在股权管理中仅负消极职能,则准许委托人在信托文件中对其义务进行豁免,又如受托人将信托事务转委托,则其义务仅限于谨慎选择及监督代理人执行该事务。此外,考虑到家族信托期限较长,可能出现委托人亡故或受益人未出生之情形等,为了强调受益人的权利保护,可以通过引入信托监察人来监督信托运行,可以借鉴英美的挥霍信托制度对特殊受益人进行特殊保护,可以运用日本遗嘱代用信托中的连续受益人制度来实现委托人对多数人的受益安排,也能辗转回避在继承中向自然人拆分转让受益权的问题。本文第三部分就如何完善家族信托的制度环境提出了若干建议。由于现有的信托法规集中于规范资金信托的投资运行,较少顾及其他财产权信托类型,导致家族信托的配套制度未能健全,对此,笔者提出了如下一些对策:对于信托登记制度的构建,我国可以结合现有财产登记制度,先通过立法明确信托行为的非交易过户效力,要求受托人在全国统一的信托登记平台进行信托登记,然后要求分散的财产登记机构配合信托设立进行财产权转移登记,并在登记事项中注明其信托财产的性质。与此同时,可以通过设立分级查询制度来解决信托登记带来的公示效应与家族信托私密性之间的冲突;对于信托税收制度的确立,我国可以结合信托导管理论,以受益人纳税为原则明确纳税主体,按发生主义原则来确定纳税时点,同时也要以正确态度对待家族信托避税问题;对于家族信托长期存续引发的社会负面效果,从缩小社会贫富差距、促进财产流动等角度考虑,我国信托法可以对信托期限作一限制。此外,家族信托管理的财产样态丰富,实践中还会涉及土地、房产、股权等方面的相关制度,因而也需要对应的法律法规和政策能够及时调整和完善:对于房地产类家族信托期间土地使用权到期问题,可以结合《土地管理法》等的修订来完善土地使用权续期规则;对于房产类家族信托可能存在规避住房限购令之嫌疑,政府将来在出台限购政策时应明确对信托的适用办法,建议自益信托中住房归于委托人名下,他益信托中住房归于受益人名下;对于信托持股问题,监管部门不应在公司上市审查时对其全盘否定,而应对具有合法目的的股份代持行为进行市场监管,辅之以完善的信息披露制度;对于信托跨境资产管理,结合人民币国际化以及汇率市场化趋势,期待相关政策能够给予更多支持。
[Abstract]:With the expansion of private wealth, domestic high net worth population size are huge family wealth heritage market increasingly strong demand. There is an old saying: "the gentleman Ze, V and chop. To break the" three generations of the rich but the curse, more and more rich began to choose to a family trust way to manage the property of another. Hand, large information management era of warlords, the traditional trust industry pressure transformation, trust companies eager to get rid of the channel role, enhance the ability of active management. Family trust fit for the direction of the transformation, as many trust companies rushed to seize the business field. Family trust is the family wealth management, inheritance and protection for the purpose of the trust, widely in the first part of this paper has been overseas, overseas borrowing three family trust case, describes its rich features, including help clients achieve wealth inheritance, property protection, child support, Corporate governance, tax planning, charity and other purposes. The family trust mechanism flexible, also caused the significant function of the wealth management market in China, from the beginning of 2013, the territory of trust companies, private banks, third party financial institutions has launched such products, to seize market opportunities. The author summarizes the main mode of the territory the family trust, and compares it with the traditional type of trust, based on affirming its application value also pointed out the reason of its development is limited: on the one hand, the trust law of China means that with the strong preparation method is obvious, and the family trust "freedom" concept of value conflict, mainly for trust the main body of the unbalance between rights and obligations; on the other hand, the trust industry has long focused on the financial supporting system of property management, the trust failed to build or improve, so that real estate, equity assets are To analyze the problem in the family trust. The second part is the trust imbalance of rights and obligations and the countermeasures are put forward. Compared to the business trust on "efficiency" in the pursuit of value, family trust is more respected client will feature customization and flexibility, but many of the mandatory norms and the principal of the trust law of free will the conflict, which requires us to reflect on the character of jus cogens trust with the transformation and arbitrary direction on the principal life before: for the right to keep, as long as the purpose of trust does not violate the law, trust law should respect the autonomy, but in the tax and bankruptcy segregation distinction for duty of care; the trustee of the trust law should make clear its standards as soon as possible, and distinguish the applicable to the trustee management authority in the trust affairs, such as the trustee in stock right management Only negative negative functions, is granted to the trustee in the trust documents on the duty exemption, and as a trustee of the trust affairs will delegate its obligations only, careful selection and supervision of the agent to execute the transaction. In addition, taking into account the longer term may cause the family trust, trustee or beneficiary of the death of the unborn so, in order to protect the rights of the beneficiary that, through introducing the trust supervisor to supervise the operation of the trust, the trust system can learn from Anglo American spending on special protection can be achieved by special beneficiary benefit arrangements for most people use continuous system in Japan will substitute the trust beneficiary, can also be removed to avoid transfer to a natural person the split in the succession problem of beneficial right. The third part puts forward some suggestions on how to perfect the institutional environment of the family trust. The trust law Focus on the investment operation regulation norms trust funds, less consideration of other property trust types, resulting in supporting the family trust system is not perfect, in this regard, the author puts forward some countermeasures as follows: to construct the trust registration system, our country can be combined with the existing property registration system, effectiveness first through legislation explicitly trust non transfer transactions. Ask the trustee of the trust registration in the registration of the trust platform of national unity, and requirements of property registration institutions scattered with trust established to carry out the registration of the transfer of property rights, property and marked the trust property in the registration items. At the same time, can solve the conflict between public and private family trust trust registration effect brought by the establishment of hierarchical query system; to establish trust tax system, our country can combine the trust conduit theory, to benefit tax principle of Ming Dynasty Is the main tax, according to the principle to determine the tax point, but also to treat the family trust tax avoidance in the right manner; the negative social effect caused by the existence of family trust for long, narrow the gap between the rich and the poor from the society, promote the flow of property into consideration, the trust law of China can be a limit on the duration of the trust property. In addition, like state family trust management practice will be rich, involving land, property, and other aspects of the institution of equity, therefore also need laws and policies corresponding to timely adjust and perfect for the real estate trust family during the period of land use rights expire, can improve the land use right of renewal rules "amendments to the land management as for the property law; family trust may avoid the property purchase restrictions to the suspects, the government in the future introduction of the restriction policy should be clearly applicable to the trust That way, to benefit from the Housing Trust commissioned under the name of his house in the name of public trust to benefit; for the trust holdings, regulators should not be listed in the company to review its total negation and deal with legitimate purpose shares held on behalf of conduct market supervision, complemented by a perfect information disclosure system trust; for cross-border asset management, combined with the internationalization of the RMB exchange rate and market trend, looking forward to the relevant policy to give more support.

【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D922.282

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