主要发达国家住房保障制度及中国的实践研究

发布时间：2018-05-16 08:24

本文选题：保障房 + 住房权　；参考：《吉林大学》2014年博士论文

【摘要】：“适足住房权”是公民的基本权利，为住房困难者提供居住之所成为政府公共服务的重要内容。随着城市化进程和现代文明的发展，，西方主要发达国家依据自身房地产市场发展状况和基本国情，逐步建立起相对可持续的保障房制度体系。中国的住房制度改革也走过了近二十年的历程，商品房市场方兴未艾、正处于黄金时期，而保障性住房体系刚刚萌芽，“双轨制”住房供给模式尚未建立。房价高涨引起了上至庙堂下至江湖各方面的广泛讨论，住房问题已连续多年成为中国经济最热点的话题。中国当前初步建立了包括廉租房、公租房、经济适用房、限价房、住房补贴以及住房公积金制度在内的住房保障体系。这一体系在一定程度上缓解了部分城镇居民的住房困难。廉租房主要保障最低收入人群和新进入工作岗位的年轻人住房需求；公租房制度主要保障中等偏下收入人群的住房需求；有一定支付能力的中等收入者可以通过购买经济适用房和限价房满足居住需求。由于户籍制度的限制，许多游离在现有住房保障制度之外的城市常住人口，可以通过住房补贴等获得住房保障。住房保障制度的完善不仅事关城市竞争力、区域经济发展，还会对社会和谐稳定产生影响。因此，本文在借鉴主要发达国家的住房保障模式的基础上，建议城市保障房的供给主要以廉租房和公租房为主。本文运用理论分析、制度分析、实证和经济学模型来研究主要发达国家保障房制度和中国的实践。主要发达国家在保障房理念、立法和管理实践方面都值得做全面而深入的研究。本文在理论分析的基础上，首先对住房权概念进行了内涵和外延分析，试图理清“适足住房权”作为公共产品的特性及其社会、法律意义。其次，选取在保障性住房制度建设方面具有国际声誉的四个国家来研究，分别是美国、德国、日本和新加坡。以美国为代表的发达国家，保障房体系大多经历了几十年的发展，制度相对成熟，在管理机构设定、管理职能定位、房源供给、后勤维修养护、入住者准入、房屋流转、租金收缴、运营管理、社区建设和辅助服务等方面形成较为完善的制度体系和各具特色的管理模式。上述经验值得我们研究和借鉴。在对国外保障房制度分析的基础上，本文针对我国的具体实际，选取了两个方面进行研究，首先是保障房的供给结构，本文对影响政府保障性住房配建决策的因素进行全面的分析，建立科学的、合理的、可行的决策指标体系，再利用熵权法计算出各指标的客观权重，最终建立求解最优保障房配建结构的优化模型。并运用上述模型对广州和珠海的住房供给进行了分析，结果表明：在珠海市和广州市保障房建设的各种现状下，按照2013年建设保障房的计划，为了使总体效用最大化，珠海市的公租房建设比重占当年保障房总数的64.3%。而按照广州市保障房的建设计划，为使效用最大化，廉租房建设比重应占当年保障房建设比重的53.8%。上述结果印证了当前以廉租房和公租房为主体的住房保障政策的有效性。在保障房分配方面，本文从三个角度对廉租住房的分配机制创新进行了经济学分析。首先，从供求理论与效用理论的角度，针对实物配租和租金补贴两种配租方式，综合比较它们对住房租赁市场供求的影响、政府廉租资金支出的成本以及廉租资金分配效率，总结出其各自的适用条件。其次，从消费经济学角度，按照廉租住房保障群体内部成员对廉租住房保障的依赖程度不同，把他们的住房消费需求分为三大类，即完全依赖型、暂时依赖型和边缘型，并根据需求差异配以不同的配租方式。最后，分析影响廉租住房的保障面积标准和租金标准的主要因素，提出了廉租房四步计租标准的具体计量办法，以及分配方法选择。最后总结本文的基本结论和政策建议，并提出进一步研究的方向在于深入剖析中国住房保障制度所涉及的利益相关者之间的博弈及其利益诉求，通过政策引导，增加保障房的供给水平。借鉴发达国家和地区保障房制度的成功经验，从融资、土地供应、保障房结构、分配及流转制度等方面入手，为中国保障房制度创新提供建议。
[Abstract]:The "right to adequate housing" is the basic right of citizens, and it is an important part of the government's public service to provide housing for the housing difficulties. With the process of urbanization and the development of modern civilization, the major western developed countries have gradually established a relatively sustainable guarantee housing system according to their own real estate market development and basic national conditions. The housing system reform in China has also gone through the course of nearly twenty years. The commodity housing market is in the ascendant and is in the golden period. The guarantee housing system has just sprout, and the "double track" housing supply model has not been established. The soaring housing price has caused extensive discussions from the temple to the river and lake, and the housing problem has been for many years. It is the hottest topic of China's economy.
China has initially established a housing security system including low rent housing, public rental housing, affordable housing, limited housing, housing subsidy and housing provident fund system. This system has alleviated the housing difficulties of some urban residents to a certain extent. The low rent housing mainly guarantees the lowest income population and the new young people who have entered the job. Housing demand; public rental housing system mainly guarantees the housing demand for the lower income population; the middle-income people with certain payment ability can meet the housing demand by buying the affordable housing and the limited price housing. The improvement of the housing security system is not only related to the urban competitiveness, the development of the regional economy, but also the social harmony and stability. Therefore, on the basis of the housing security model of the main developed countries, this paper suggests that the supply of urban housing is mainly low rent housing and public rental housing.
This paper uses theoretical analysis, institutional analysis, empirical and economic models to study the guarantee housing system in the major developed countries and the practice of China. The main developed countries are worthy of a comprehensive and in-depth study on the concept of housing, legislation and management practice. On the basis of theoretical analysis, the concept of housing right is first carried out in this paper. And extension analysis, trying to clarify "the right to adequate housing" as the characteristics of public goods and its social and legal significance.
Secondly, we choose four countries with international reputation in the construction of the guarantee housing system, which are the United States, Germany, Japan and Singapore. The developed countries, represented by the United States, have experienced decades of development, the system is relatively mature, management institutions, management functions, housing supply, logistics dimension. It is worth studying and drawing lessons from the above experience that we have formed a more perfect system system and various characteristic management modes in the aspects of training, occupant admission, housing circulation, rent collection, operation management, community construction and auxiliary service.
On the basis of the analysis of the foreign guarantee housing system, this paper has selected two aspects to study the concrete reality of our country, first of all, to guarantee the supply structure of the housing. This paper makes a comprehensive analysis of the factors that affect the decision-making of the government guaranteed housing allocation, and establishes a scientific, reasonable and feasible decision index system, and then uses the entropy weight method. The objective weight of each index is calculated, and the optimization model of the optimal housing construction is established. The housing supply of Guangzhou and Zhuhai is analyzed with the above model. The results show that under the various status of the construction of the security house in Zhuhai and Guangzhou, the plan of building the guarantee house in 2013 is used to make the overall utility. Maximization, the proportion of public rental housing construction in Zhuhai accounts for the 64.3%. of the total number of guaranteed housing in the year and according to the construction plan of Guangzhou's guarantee housing, to maximize the utility, the proportion of low rent housing construction should account for the 53.8%. results of the housing construction in the same year, which confirms the effectiveness of the current housing security policy with low rent housing and public rental housing as the main body.
In the aspect of guaranteeing housing distribution, this paper makes an economic analysis on the innovation of the distribution mechanism of low rent housing from three angles. First, from the perspective of supply and demand theory and utility theory, it compares the effect of the two kinds of rent distribution and rent subsidy to the supply and demand of the housing rental market, and the cost of the government's low rent funds expenditure And the efficiency of the low rent funds distribution, sum up their respective conditions. Secondly, from the perspective of consumer economics, according to the dependence of the members of the low rent housing security groups on the low rent housing security, their housing consumption needs are divided into three categories, namely, complete dependence type, temporary dependence type and marginal type, and according to the demand difference. In the end, it analyzes the main factors that affect the standard of the guarantee area of low rent housing and the standard of rent, and puts forward the concrete measure method of the four step renting standard of low rent housing and the choice of the distribution method.
Finally, the basic conclusions and policy suggestions are summed up, and the direction of further research is to further analyze the game and interest demands among the stakeholders involved in the housing security system in China, and to increase the supply level of the guarantee house through policy guidance. In order to provide suggestions for China's affordable housing system innovation, we should provide funds, land supply, affordable housing structure, distribution and circulation system.

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：F293.3;F299.2

【参考文献】