公权腐败的人性与社会根源探究

发布时间：2018-01-10 21:35

本文关键词：公权腐败的人性与社会根源探究　出处：《吉林大学》2014年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：腐败是个毒瘤，是当今世界各国都必须面对、解决的一个难题，它直接影响到执政党地位的稳固和国家的兴衰。我们党对反腐败高度重视，党的十八大指出，加快推进现代化进程，实现“二个百年”的奋斗目标和伟大中国梦,必须要解决好提高党的领导水平和执政水平，提高拒腐防变和抵御风险能力两个重大课题。能否认从源头上解决腐败问题，关系到党和国家事业的兴衰成败。而腐败产生的根源错综复杂，，为了能更深刻地把握腐败问题的成因，有必要从哲学角度加以思考，深入探讨腐败产生的根源，从理论高度认识把握腐败产生的规律，结合实际提出解决对策，这样才能采取有效的措施遏制腐败。论文首先界定了公权的本质以及公权腐败导致的社会危害。从政治哲学而非政治学的高度梳理了哲学史上契约论思想家对于公权的界定，从理论层面指出现代国家观念与传统国家的区别。公共权力产生的合法性与正当性不再来自于上帝或者天命，而是来自于被统治者的同意。在明晰了公权及政府的合法性与正当性边界之后，从合法权力的逾越以获取私人利益的角度定义了“公权腐败”，并从微观、中观、宏观三个层面界定了腐败的类型，有针对性地提出当下中国公权腐败所具有的特征及其对于国家、社会、人民的严重危害。在此基础上，论文分别从人性与社会两个角度对于公权腐败产生的根源进行理论分析。首先，回顾中国古代经典思想中对于人性的讨论，先秦是中国思想的源头，因此人性分析以先秦为主，重点分析了告子、孟子与荀子的人性论思想，认为告子主要从人性的自然本性出发，从经验的层面探讨人的本性；而孟子则上升到了道德形而上学的高度，指出现实中的善行所具有的形而上的根基；进而比较了荀子与孟子之间的异同，阐述了荀子的性恶论。其次，探讨了西方现代的人性思想。指出西方学者对于人性的讨论就是在现代民族国家兴起的前提下进行的，其目的是为了探讨现代国家的政治结构及其基本功能的正当性与合法性，因此，西方人性观一方面关注自然法与自然权利的问题，这是国家统治的正当性之根；另一方面关注人的理性与感性问题，这决定了治理得以可能的方式与保障。本文分别从自然法、自然权利、理性、感性几个角度阐述西方现代哲学家的人性观，这四个方面各个两两交织，构成了现代人性观的错综复杂的全景模式。综观古今中外的人性理论可以看出，为自我保存，人性中包含自利的诉求，有“自然欲望”的一面。当这种“欲望”处在合理的范围和方向时，人性是“善”的。但当这种欲望损害到他人和集体利益时，就体现为“恶”，就会表现为“贪欲”，而这种贪欲与权力相结合就会产生腐败，所以这种利己的“欲望”正是腐败产生的主观动机和内在基础。论文对于公权腐败的社会根源探讨，主要选取了政治、经济、文化、法律等几个因素，对于诸因素与腐败之间的关联进行了理论分析。第一，政治与腐败的关系。指出作为一个系统，权力的过于集中和缺乏制衡会导致系统的不稳定；第二，经济与腐败的关系。指出在处于转型期的中国，市场经济的不完善为腐败的滋生提供了特定的路径；上述路径使腐败得以可能的微观机制在于权力寻租，这是腐败得以产生的客观根源；而转轨时期的经济体制之所以出现腐败的深层次根源在于公共权力的异化。第三，文化与腐败的关系。主要从中国传统文化、现代性文化以及作为受资本主义影响的文化三个维度，全面立体的对腐败的文化根源进行分析。第四，法律与腐败的关系。指出法律制度自身存在的漏洞，以及制度跨文化移植与既有制度的不匹配为腐败的滋生提供了空间。作为核心理论部分，论文从人性与社会的辩证关系角度综合考察了公权腐败产生的根源，并有针对性的提出了治理思路。运用马克思主义的社会有机体理论与人性理论，指出人性与自然欲望、作为实践的人类活动以及人类社会密切相关。在人类进入市场经济社会之后，对人性的考察就不可能脱离生产资料私人所有制，即只有通过对私有财产的现实矛盾运动进行考察，才能深刻的理解人性问题与腐败问题，而社会领域诸因素的相互作用则是这一矛盾运动的现实表现。同时本文梳理与反思了国内外治理腐败的措施与成效，并结合这些反腐措施，指出反腐败必须认识到腐败的根源，必须从个人和社会两个方面入手，综合发挥自律和他律的作用，实现由单一向度的“治人”向人与社会联动治理转变，从人性与社会的辩证关系视角下解决公权腐败问题，并提出了具体的对策建议。文章的主要创新之处在于：第一，从人性与社会的辩证关系角度综合考虑公权腐败产生的根源。腐败是人的腐败，从人性角度研究腐败，更带有根源性意义；同时人又是社会的组成部分，也要受到社会的影响。这种研究角度比较少。第二，以自由为切入点理解人性，将人性与社会的辩证关系具体为人性的自律与他律的关系。进一步探讨了扼制腐败“自律”和“他律”的关系。第三，深入分析了社会主义市场经济对腐败的影响，从社会与政府关系的角度加深了对腐败社会根源的理解。第四，立足人性与社会的互动关系，从人性和社会视角提出了公权腐败的治理对策。
[Abstract]:Corruption is a malignant tumor, is one of the countries all over the world have to face a difficult problem, which directly affects the rise and fall of the status of the ruling party and the stability of the country. Our Party attaches great importance to anti-corruption, the party's eighteen pointed out that accelerating the process of modernization, to achieve the "two 100 year" goal and the great China dream, must be solved to improve the party's leadership and governance, improve the two major issues of corruption and deny the ability to resist risks. To solve the problem of corruption from the source, in relation to the cause of the party and the country's success or failure. The root causes of corruption in order to cause more perplexing, profound grasp of the problem of corruption. It is necessary to think from the perspective of philosophy, discusses the root causes of corruption, corruption and understand the law from the level of theory, put forward the solutions in combination with the practice, so as to take effective measures. It curbed corruption.
The thesis first defines the nature of public power and public corruption caused harm to society. From the political philosophy and political science of the highly non combing the history of philosophy for the definition of public contract thinker, pointed out the difference between modern and traditional concept of national countries from the theoretical level. The legality and legitimacy of public power generated from God or not destiny, but from the consent of the governed. Clarify the legality and legitimacy of public power and the government of the border, from the legal rights to obtain private benefits beyond the definition of "corruption", and from the micro, meso and macro level three defines the type of corruption, are put forward the characteristics of public power corruption has China and for the country, society, serious harm to the people.
On this basis, the roots from two perspectives of humanity and Society for public power corruption were analyzed. First, review the ancient classic for human thought Chinese discussion, pre Qin is the source of Chinese thought, so the analysis of human nature in the pre Qin mainly focuses on the analysis of the Mencius Gaozi, and Xunzi's theory of human nature, thought that mainly from human nature, to explore the human nature from the level of experience; and Mencius rose to the height of the foundation of the metaphysics of morals, pointed out that in reality has good metaphysical; and then compares the similarities and differences between Xunzi and Mencius, explains Xunzi's evil nature. Secondly, discusses the modern western the human nature thought. It is pointed out that the premise of western scholars for humanity is discussed in the modern nation under the rise, its purpose is to explore the modern national politics Legitimacy, structure and basic functions of the western view of human nature on the one hand, pay attention to the natural law and natural rights, this is ruled by the legitimacy of the rational and emotional problems; on the other hand pay close attention to people, which determines the possible way to governance and security. This paper from the natural law, natural rights, rational, perceptual perspective of a few modern western philosopher's view of human nature, the four aspects of the 22 intertwined, constitute the modern view of human nature, the perplexing panoramic mode. The theory of human nature in at all times and in all countries can be seen as a self preservation, human nature includes self-interest demands, "a natural desire" when. This kind of "desire" in the reasonable scope and direction, human nature is "good". But when the damage to the interests of others and the collective desire, which is "evil", will be manifested as "greed", This combination of greed and power will result in corruption, so this kind of selfish desire is the subjective motive of the corruption and the intrinsic basis. For the social root of public power corruption discussion, mainly choose the political, economic, cultural, legal and other factors on the relationship between various factors and the corruption in the theory analysis. First, the relationship between politics and corruption. It points out that as a system, the power is too concentrated and balance will lead to instability of the system lack; second, the relationship between economy and corruption. It is pointed out that in the period of transition of Chinese, market economy is not perfect for the breeding of corruption provides a specific path of the path; the possible mechanism is micro corruption to the abuse of power, this is the objective sources of corruption can be produced; and the transition period of economic system is the deep root of corruption in the public The alienation of power. Third, the relationship between culture and corruption. Chinese mainly from the traditional culture, modern culture as well as the influence by the capitalist culture in three dimensions, comprehensive cultural roots of corruption were analyzed. Fourth, the relationship between law and corruption. It is pointed out that the legal system of their own loopholes, and the system of cross culture transplantation and the existing system, to provide a space for corruption.
As a core part of theory, perspective of dialectical relationship between human and society from the comprehensive survey of the cause of public power corruption, and puts forward the idea of governance. Social organism theory and the theory of human nature in Marx's theory, pointed out that the nature of humanity and desire, as for the practice of human activities and human society are closely related. After humans entered the market economy society, study of human nature can not be separated from the private ownership of the means of production, namely, only through the realistic contradiction movement of private property were investigated, in order to deeply understand human problems and corruption, and the interaction of various factors of social field is the reality of this contradictory movement. At the same time review the measures and results of domestic and foreign corruption, and combined with the anti-corruption measures, pointed out that the anti-corruption must recognize the root causes of corruption, must from From the two aspects of the individual and the society, we should give full play to the role of self-discipline and Heteronomy to achieve the transformation from a single degree of governance to human and social linkage governance, and solve the problem of public power corruption from the perspective of dialectical relationship between humanity and society, and put forward specific countermeasures and suggestions.
The main innovations of this paper is: first, from the perspective of considering the dialectical relationship between human nature and social power is the root causes of corruption. The corruption is the corruption of corruption from the angle of human nature, with more fundamental significance; at the same time a person is part of the society, will be subject to social influence. The angle of this comparative study less. Second, with free entry point for the understanding of human nature, the dialectical relationship between human and Society for the specific relationship of self-discipline and heteronomy of humanity. To further explore the relationship between curb corruption "self-discipline" and "heteronomy". Third, in-depth analysis of the influence of socialist market economy of corruption, from the relationship between society and government the angle deepened to the understanding of the social roots of corruption. Fourth, based on the interaction between human and society, put forward the Countermeasures of corruption from the human nature and social perspective.

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D262.6

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