基于国家治理现代化的乡村精英流失与再造研究

发布时间：2018-05-12 21:24

本文选题：国家治理现代化 + 乡村精英　；参考：《浙江财经大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：改革开放以来,随着中国城市化进程的不断加快和深入,乡村的优质资源不断向城市集聚,最为显性的是大量青壮年农村人口进城务工或经商。本来就处于弱质端的乡村不仅面临现实的凋敝,更深远地看,隐藏在外出务工大潮背后的乡村精英流失问题使得乡村治理缺人、缺钱、缺发展后劲,农村人才“空心化”严重制约乡村自身治理水平的提高,乡村建设与发展遭遇严峻挑战。当前我国农村占国土面积达70%,党的十八届三中全会提出国家治理现代化的深化改革总目标,乡村治理作为国家治理不可或缺的重要一环,乡村治理水平是关乎国家长治久安的重大政治问题,国家的稳定、存续和发展离不开乡村的有序治理,乡村治理水平决定着国家治理现代化的进程,所以实现国家治理能力和治理体系的现代化必须依赖乡村治理水平的提高。鉴于此,无论是学界还是地方政府都首先应该正视乡村精英的流失,进而思考乡村精英再造问题。乡村精英流失主要体现为这一群体数量的快速萎缩,质量的明显下降,以及“新老断层,青黄不接”的人才补给困境。这既是市场经济作用的结果,作为市场要素的自由劳动力自然流向城市;更体现了乡村社会环境留不住人才的真实现状,且深层次可以发现是国家的一系列体制的失灵与不公正。具体来说,城乡“二元”体制造就城乡的巨大差别,资源配比不均衡,城市在基础设施、公共服务、文化生活、教育资源等公共福利方面优势更有吸引力;在劳动分配体制上,城乡收入分配结构不合理,乡村赚钱机会不多,乡村精英理性选择必然向城市单向流动;当前教育体制与乡村生产实践的脱节导致从农村走出去的中青年倾向于在城市就业;在非体制成因层面,乡村经济利益导向显著,农村居民心存自卑感,乡村传统道德遭到城市文明冲击,乡村文化凝聚力下降等。纵观中国乡村发展史,乡村精英在乡村政治、经济、文化、社会等各项事业发展中都扮演着“领头羊”角色,乡村精英的存在关乎乡村的繁荣与发展,更塑造了区别于西方乡村治理模式的中国特色。作为以关系为本位的中国乡村,乡村精英的存在不仅可以进一步发挥国家治理体系的制度功效,还可优化国家制度执行的社会环境和执行效果。实现国家治理的现代化,乡村精英的历史使命任重道远,提升乡村治理水平必须再造乡村精英。本研究认为,应秉持“回流、外引和内培”的思路谋划乡村精英再造的可行路径,具体包括五个方面。第一,调整户籍体制。为了保证精英回归之后能够获得必要的生产生活资料,一方面要破除城乡二元户籍体制障碍,统筹城乡户籍制度;另一方面要明晰财产所有权,为生产要素入市交易提供法律保障。第二,完善人才政策。农村籍大中专生不愿回乡谋求发展,一方面是未来职业发展空间和方向不清晰,另一方面是基层工作的付出与待遇失调导致生活压力大。针对此类情形,应完善人才政策,给予明确预期,提高工资待遇等,吸引农村籍大中专生回乡就业。第三,提高乡村生活品质。乡村之所以留不住人才,一则是因为农村基础设施和公共服务的不完善与乡村精英乃至广大外出务工群体对高质量的生活追求相悖,其更深层原因是本地缺乏工作机会,收入不能令人满意。针对此类情形,应进一步缩小城乡生活品质差距,大力发展繁荣县域经济,以达到吸引外流精英回归的目的。第四,通过权力知识化,探索新乡绅的塑造路径。一方面,乡村精英群体可以适当吸纳部分乡镇公务员,塑造新时期的“乡绅”角色;另一方面,返聘从农村走出来的已退休社会名流加盟乡村建设,丰富乡村精英的角色和功能。第五,强化对乡村的认同。应着重从三个方面入手,第一,强化程序和规则意识,普及公平和公正观念;第二,坚守核心价值,重塑乡村义利观;第三,改善乡村凋敝图景,打造宜居环境赢取回归意愿。
[Abstract]:Since the reform and opening up, with the continuous acceleration and deepening of the process of urbanization in China, the country's high quality resources are constantly gathering in the city. The most dominant is that a large number of young and young rural population go to work or business in cities. The countryside, which is in the weak end, is not only faced with the decline of reality, but also a far more profound view, hidden in the countryside behind the tide of migrant work. The problem of village elite loss makes rural governance lack of human, lack of money and lack of development. The "hollow" of rural talents seriously restricts the improvement of rural self governance, and the rural construction and development are facing severe challenges. China's rural area accounts for 70% of the country's land area. In the third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, the party has put forward a general goal of deepening the modernization of national governance. Rural governance is an important part of national governance. The level of rural governance is a major political problem related to the long-term stability of the country. The stability, continuity and development of the country can not be separated from the orderly governance of the country. The level of rural governance determines the course of the modernization of the state governance, so the national governance and governance system can be realized. Modernization must depend on the improvement of the level of rural governance. In view of this, both the academic and local governments should first face the loss of the rural elite, and then think about the problem of the reengineering of the rural elite. The loss of the rural elite is mainly reflected in the rapid decline in the number of the group, the obvious decline in the quality, and the "new and old faults, and the old and old faults." This is the result of the supply of talents. This is the result of the role of the market economy. As a market factor, the free labor force flows naturally to the city; it also embodies the real situation of the rural social environment, and the deep level can be found to be the failure and injustice of a series of systems in the country. In particular, the urban and rural "two yuan" body is made in urban and rural areas. The huge difference in the proportion of resources is not balanced, the city is more attractive in the public welfare aspects such as infrastructure, public service, cultural life and educational resources. In the labor distribution system, the distribution structure of urban and rural income distribution is unreasonable, the opportunity of making money in rural areas is not much, the rational choice of rural elite is bound to flow to the city, and the current educational system and The disjunction of rural production practice leads to the tendency of the young and middle-aged people going out from the countryside to the urban employment; in the non institutional cause, the rural economic interests are obviously oriented, the rural residents have a sense of inferiority, the rural traditional morality is impacted by the urban civilization, the rural cultural cohesion is falling, and so on. Governance, economic, cultural, social and other undertakings play the role of "leader". The existence of the rural elite is related to the prosperity and development of the countryside. It also shapes the Chinese characteristics which is different from the western rural governance model. As a relationship based country, the existence of the rural elite can not only give full play to the state governance. The system efficiency of the system can also optimize the social environment and implementation effect of the national system. To realize the modernization of the national governance, the historical mission of the rural elite is long, and the rural elite must be rebuilt to improve the level of rural governance. This study holds that the way of "reflux, external and internal culture" should be held to plan the way of the reengineering of the country's elite. Diameter, including five aspects. First, adjust the household registration system. In order to ensure the necessary production and life information after the elites return, on the one hand, we should break down the barriers of the two yuan household registration system in urban and rural areas and co-ordinate the household registration system in urban and rural areas; on the other hand, the property ownership should be clarifying, and the legal guarantee for the entry of production factors into the market is provided. Second, perfect people. The rural secondary school students are reluctant to return to their hometown for development. On the one hand, the future career development space and direction are not clear. On the other hand, the pay and treatment imbalance of the grass-roots work leads to great pressure of life. In this case, we should improve the talent policy, give clear expectations, raise wages and so on, and attract the rural secondary school students to return home. Employment. Third, improve the quality of life in the country. The reason why the countryside can't keep the talent is because the rural infrastructure and the poor public service are inconsistent with the high quality life pursuit of the rural elite and the majority of the migrant workers. The deeper reason is that the local lack of job opportunities and income is not satisfactory. We should further narrow the gap between urban and rural life quality, vigorously develop and flourish the county economy so as to achieve the purpose of attracting the return of the outflow elite. Fourth, through the knowledge of power, explore the path of shaping the new gentry. On the one hand, the rural elite group can appropriately absorb some township civil servants and shape the "gentry" role in the new period; on the other hand, return to the country. The retired social celebrities from the countryside have joined the rural construction to enrich the role and function of the rural elite. Fifth, strengthen the identity of the countryside. We should focus on three aspects, first, strengthen the awareness of procedures and rules, popularize the concept of fairness and impartiality; second, adhere to the core value, reshape the concept of rural righteousness and benefit; third, improve the country withering. My view is to create a livable environment and win a return.

【学位授予单位】：浙江财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D422.6

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