中国马克思主义文学批评的实践观研究

发布时间：2018-05-12 21:30

本文选题：马克思 + 实践观　；参考：《华中师范大学》2015年博士论文

【摘要】：实践是一个极具包容性特征的概念,从哲学层面讲实践是感性的人的本质力量的对象化活动和历史性的价值创造活动,这种对象化的价值创造活动是主体与客体、理论与现实、感性与理性、能动性与受动性、限定性与超越性关系辩证统一的历史性活动,其根本目标就是不断推动社会向和谐良善的方向发展,最终实现人的全面自由发展。文学批评本身也是人类主体实践活动的一种形式,文学批评的过程就是批评主体以文学为中介与客观现实世界展开对话、施加影响的历史过程。可以说,中国形态的马克思主义文学批评,就是马克思主义文学批评与近现代中国国情、具体文艺活动相结合的实践过程中生成与建构出来的,中国马克思主义文学批评的实践观内涵也就是在这种历史演进中不断得到拓展、深化和具体化的,最终表现出它特有的民族文化内涵和时代特征。除导论和结语外,全文共分五章来论述中国马克思主义文学批评实践观的思想内涵、形态特征。第一章围绕实践范畴对自古希腊以来的西方实践观与马克思的实践观作了历史性的考察。亚里士多德是第一个真正把实践概念纳入哲学思考的人。在亚里士多德看来,实践是自身构成目的的行为,它是以行为自身为目的,主要是指人的伦理道德行为和政治行为。亚里士多德之后,康德、黑格尔、费尔巴哈等人都提出了一系列有关实践的理论。以胡塞尔、海德格尔为代表的现代实践观,使人的实践与存在论问题联结了起来,将实践活动提升到人的存在论意义的高度。简言之,西方实践观的发展历史,既具有清晰的历史发展脉络,同时也有它问题框架不断经历转换的复杂演变过程,即实践与存在、实践与自由、实践与理性、实践与理论、实践与主体,这些基本概念的问题演变历史。只有到了马克思的历史实践哲学那里才真正解开了实践的本质之谜,马克思实践哲学的革命变革体现在三个方面：一是哲学形态的根本变革,即实现从理论哲学到实践哲学的转变；二是哲学思维方式的根本转变,即从理论的思维方式向实践的思维方式转向；三是哲学本体论的革命性转换,即从实践的认识论到实践的生存论转向。我们理解马克思的实践思想内涵可以从三个维度来探讨,一是实践是主客体的双向建构活动,二是从辩证唯物论角度明确实践在理论与实践关系中的优先性地位,三是实践的价值维度,重视个体的伦理关怀。正是立足于资本主义社会现实,马克思所建立的实践唯物主义哲学,确立了实践的本体论地位,超越了主客二元对立的理论哲学思维,是对传统哲学世界观的革命性转变,其理论目标就是通过哲学的世界化、现存世界的革命化把人从奴役的社会处境中解放出来。马克思之后,西方马克思主义及苏联马克思主义对马克思的实践思想有重要阐发。第二章探讨马克思实践观与中国马克思主义文学批评本质内涵的生成。从时间上看,在五四新文化运动时期,中国马克思主义文学批评表现为一种作家本位的启蒙实践观。五四新文化运动之后,体现出重视无产阶级大众的过渡性实践思想特点,这同时也标志着中国马克思主义文学批评实践观的初步确立。到了上个世纪40年代之后,以毛泽东《在延安文艺座谈会上的讲话》为代表形成了人民本位实践观,表明中国马克思主义文学批评实践思想体系的成熟。从话语逻辑的实践特征看,中国马克思主义文学批评话语表现出对阶级感情话语、革命伦理道德意识等方面的强调。在话语的形态表现上,中国马克思主义文学批评具有突出实践指导意味的政策性话语特征。中国马克思主义文学批评实践思想的形成不仅是在历史的实践选择中形成了以人民本位实践观为代表的历史形态,而且在自身的理论逻辑建构过程中形成了强调实践的认识论、关注实践主体问题、重视实践的政治伦理问题等三个方面的理论形态特征。第三章研究实践与中国马克思主义文学批评范式的认识论特征的关系。人们对中国马克思主义文学批评实践观的接受和理解主要是在认识论领域当中来理解的,从而形成了以实践为基础的中国马克思主义文学批评的实践认识论范式。这种实践认识论批评范式突出为中国革命服务的现实问题意识,关注文学作为意识形态对革命实践的推动作用,重视文学研究上的理论与实践经验的结合,强调文学活动的主客体相互影响过程中主体的能动作用,并将文学主体的问题重心放在为人民大众这个集体性的历史主体上来。毛泽东的《实践论》《在延安文艺座谈会上的讲话》文本标志着实践认识论批评范式的形成。以实践为基础的中国马克思主义文学批评的实践认识论范式,又集中表现在文艺观上坚持能动的革命的反映论文学批评模式。正是在能动的革命反映论旗帜下,我们看到中国马克思主义文学批评形成了以实践为问题指向的理论形态结构,呈现出重视实践主体,强调意识形态的实践性质,突出动态能动的生活实践观,以及彰显实践智慧的文艺政策批评等理论观点,并在艺术创作上推崇革命现实主义美学原则。但是应该客观地看到,反映论批评模式在具体实践中,人们对它的理解和运用存在片面的地方。这样在实践认识论视野下,辩证的反映论、审美反映论、审美意识形态论是对反映论批评模式的一种理论调整。可以说认识论是中国马克思主义批评理论体系建构不可缺少的环节。同时中国马克思主义文学批评的实践认识论范式存在经验化的倾向。通过反思反映论批评模式,建立以实践生存论为基础的中国马克思主义文学批评认识论体系,是构建当代中国马克思主义文学批评体系的一个重要的路径选择。第四章主要探讨中国马克思主义文学批评实践观当中的实践主体论问题。中国马克思主义文学批评主体论的核心内容就是为了求得革命的胜利确立了以人民大众为主体的革命实践主体观,这个革命的实践主体观既继承了五四启蒙运动的个性主体意识,又结合中国革命的现实特点发展了这一主体意识,建立了以人民大众为主体的集体性主体观。从启蒙主体到人民大众主体的构建,表明中国马克思主义文学批评的实践主体观在中国的历史问题语境中具有自身独特的民族性内涵。面对社会主义市场经济的新时代现实,我们应该在社会主义市场经济的特定历史阶段这个中国现实语境中,把握艺术生产主体的基本内涵。从中国马克思主义文学批评实践主体论的历史经验和现实来看,中国马克思主义文学批评的艺术生产主体应该仍然是以人民大众主体为核心内涵的。中国马克思主义文学批评在长期的革命过程中形成了以人民大众主体为核心内容的实践主体观具有历史的合理性,但是这一主体观也存在一些问题,就是对个体的价值缺乏足够的重视,对作为主体的人的感性存在的意义没有充分的肯定。新实践美学将生存论观点引入实践的理解,拓展了实践的内涵,深化了人们对马克思实践观内涵的认识,对于人们进一步深入认识中国马克思主义文学批评实践主体论内涵也具有重要启发。第五章主要从实践的政治伦理维度理解中国马克思主义文学批评的价值取向问题。从实践的政治伦理方面来看,政治伦理价值是马克思主义文学批评本有的价值尺度,它的基本内涵和终极关怀就是通过人的政治实践趋向良善正义的社会秩序和实现人的有德性的圆满生活。由于中国的革命文化语境,中国马克思主义文学批评在发展过程中淡化了政治伦理本体层面的构建。但是在具体的政治实践中,中国马克思主义文学批评通过重视作家的思想改造、革命伦理意识、道德修养以及注重个体责任与人民性的价值尺度等方面,表现出它在政治伦理层面有其独特的民族性特征。但是同时也应客观看到,革命年代的战争文化思维又使政治伦理的正义关切和终极关怀偏重于直接的政治意识形态诉求。极左政治的泛滥酿成政治对文学的绑架与利用,损害了文学的独立性和本有的审美超越性价值。今天我们从马克思实践观角度重审文学的政治维度,反思我们既有的理论传统、历史经验,就是要回到马克思的实践生存视域重建中国马克思主义文学批评的政治伦理价值,伸张马克思主义文学批评价值本体的正义诉求和终极人文关怀。可以说,中国马克思主义文学批评实践观的基本内涵就是将文学看作是人民大众主体在一定的历史条件下认识和改造社会的政治伦理活动。实践的逻辑是理解中国马克思主义文学批评一系列基本问题和研究对象内在本质联系的前提,因此构建当代形态的中国马克思主义文学批评,应该是在哲学基础上坚守马克思主义实践哲学观,始终围绕中国在社会革命、政治经济改革的现代化实践过程中遇到的现实问题、文艺问题展开对话,贯彻理论联系实际的马克思主义基本原理,实现马克思主义文学批评理论术语范畴、问题框架、研究对象的中国化、具体化。中国马克思主义文学批评正是在继承历史经验的基础上与自身历史传统、其他文艺批评流派展开互动对话,从而超越了五四抽象的“人的文学”观,构建了以人民为本位的人民文学实践观,形成了以文艺大众化为主要载体的文艺实践模式,最终在本体层面上通过对“人的文学”命题的不断反思和对话完成了中国马克思主义文学批评的范式变革,为构建中国形态的马克思主义文学批评体系开辟了更为广阔的历史空间和价值视野。
[Abstract]:Practice is a very inclusive concept. From the philosophical level, practice is the object activity and historical value creation activity of the essential force of the perceptual man. The value creation activity of this objectification is the dialectical unity of the subject and the object, the theory and reality, the perceptual and the rational, the activism and the passivity, the restriction and the transcendence. The fundamental goal of a historical activity is to continuously promote the development of society in the direction of harmony and good, and ultimately to realize the all-round and free development of human beings. Literary criticism itself is also a form of human body's practical activities. The process of literary criticism is that the critical subject takes literature as the medium to carry out a dialogue with the objective reality world and exerts influence. The historical process. It can be said that the Marx literary criticism of Chinese form is generated and constructed in the practice of the combination of Marx's literary criticism and the national conditions of modern China and the specific activities of literature and art. The connotation of the view of practice of Chinese Marx's literary criticism is also expanding in this historical evolution. In addition to the introduction and conclusion, the full text is divided into five chapters to discuss the ideological connotation and the morphological characteristics of the Chinese Marx's literary criticism practice view. The first chapter focuses on the practice concept and the Western practice view of ancient Greece and Marx's practice view around the practice category. Historical investigation. Aristotle is the first person to really put the concept of practice into philosophical thinking. In Aristotle's view, practice is the act of making a purpose. It is the purpose of behavior itself, mainly refers to human ethical and moral behavior and political behavior. After Aristotle, Kant, Hagel, Feuerbach and others are all. A series of theories about practice are put forward. The modern concept of practice, represented by Husserl and Heidegger, combines the practice of human beings with the problem of existentialism and raises the practical activities to the significance of human existence. In short, the history of the development of Western practice view has a clear historical development and its problem frame. The evolution of the complex evolution process, namely practice and existence, practice and freedom, practice and reason, practice and theory, practice and subject, the history of the evolution of these basic concepts. Only when Marx's historical practice philosophy has been solved, the essence of practice is truly unsolved, and the revolution of Marx's practical philosophy is embodied in the revolution. The three aspects: one is the fundamental change in the form of philosophy, that is, the transformation from theoretical philosophy to practical philosophy; two is the fundamental transformation of the way of philosophical thinking, that is, from the mode of thinking to the way of practice, and the three is the revolutionary transformation of philosophical ontology, that is, from the epistemology to the practice of the theory of existentialism. Understanding the connotation of Marx's practical thought can be discussed from three dimensions. One is that practice is the two-way construction of the object and the object, and the two is to clarify the priority status of practice in the relationship between theory and practice from the dialectical materialism angle, three is the value dimension of practice and the concern of the individual. It is based on the capitalist social reality. The practical materialism established by Marx has established the ontological status of practice and transcends the philosophical thinking of the two yuan opposition of the subject and the guest. It is a revolutionary transformation of the traditional philosophy of the world. Its theoretical goal is to liberate people from the social situation of slavery through the globalization of philosophy and the revolution of the existing world. After thinking, the western Marx doctrine and the Soviet Marx doctrine have an important explanation of Marx's practical thought. The second chapter discusses the formation of the essence of Marx practice and the Chinese Marx literary criticism. In time, in the period of the 54 new cultural movement, Chinese Marx literary criticism is a kind of writer standard. The concept of enlightenment practice. After the 54 new cultural movement, it embodies the transitional practical thought of the proletariat masses, which also marks the initial establishment of the Marx doctrine of practice in Chinese literary criticism. After the 40s of the last century, the people's book was formed by Mao Zedong's speech at the Yanan Forum on literature and art. The view of position practice shows the maturity of the ideological system of Marx's literary criticism in China. From the practical features of discourse logic, the discourse of Chinese Marx's literary criticism shows the emphasis on class emotional discourse and revolutionary ethical and moral consciousness. In the form of discourse, the Chinese literary criticism of Marx's doctrine is indistinct. The formation of Chinese Marx's literary criticism is not only the formation of the historical form of the people based practice view in the historical practice choice, but also the epistemology of the strong tune practice and the problem of the practice subject in the course of his theoretical logic construction. The relationship between the third chapters and three aspects of the political and ethical problems of practice. The relationship between the research practice and the Epistemological Characteristics of the Chinese Marx literary criticism paradigm. The acceptance and understanding of the Chinese Marx theory of literary criticism is mainly understood in the domain of epistemology, thus forming a reality. The practice epistemological paradigm of Chinese Marx's literary criticism is based on practice. This practice epistemological paradigm emphasizes the realistic consciousness of the service of Chinese revolution, pays attention to literature as an ideological impetus to the practice of revolution, attaches great importance to the combination of theoretical and practical experience in literary research, and emphasizes the subject and guest of literary activities. The subject's dynamic action in the process of mutual influence and the focus of the subject of literature on the historical subject of the collective of the masses of the people. Mao Zedong's theory of practice > < at the Yanan Forum on literature and Art > the text marks the formation of the practice epistemological criticism paradigm. The Chinese Marx literature based on practice is based on practice. The paradigm of critical practice epistemology is focused on the reflection of literary criticism in the view of literature and art. Under the banner of dynamic revolutionary reflection, we see that Chinese Marx's literary criticism has formed a theoretical structure directed by practice, showing the emphasis on the subject of practice and the emphasis of consciousness. The practical nature of the state, the dynamic and dynamic view of life practice, and the theoretical views of literary and artistic criticism showing the practical wisdom, and the aesthetic principles of the revolutionary realism in artistic creation. However, it should be seen objectively that in the concrete practice of the reflection theory of criticism, there is a one-sided place for people to understand and apply it. From the perspective of practical epistemology, the Dialectical Reflection Theory, the aesthetic reflection theory and the aesthetic ideology are a theoretical adjustment to the model of the criticism of the theory of reflection. It can be said that epistemology is an indispensable link in the construction of the theory system of Marx's criticism in China. At the same time, the practice epistemology paradigm of Chinese Marx's literary criticism has experience. In the fourth chapter, the fourth chapter mainly discusses the practical Lord of Chinese Marx's literary criticism of literary criticism, which is an important path choice to build a literary criticism system of contemporary Chinese Marx. The core of the subject theory of Chinese Marx's literary criticism is that in order to obtain the victory of the revolution, the subjective view of the revolutionary practice subject to the masses of the people is established. The concept of practical subject of this revolution not only inherits the consciousness of the individual subject of the 54 enlightenment movement, but also develops the main character of the Chinese revolution. From the subject of enlightenment to the people of the people, it shows that the practical subject view of Chinese Marx's literary criticism has its own unique national connotation in the context of Chinese historical problems. We should face the new era of socialistic market economy. In the specific historical stage of the socialist market economy, the Chinese realistic context, the basic connotation of the main body of art production is grasped. From the historical experience and reality of the subject theory of Marx's literary criticism in China, the main body of the artistic production of Chinese Marx's literary criticism should still be the core of the masses of the people. The connotation is that Marx's literary criticism in China has formed a historical rationality in the course of the long revolution, which takes the people as the core of the people, but there are some problems in this view, that is, the lack of enough attention to the value of the individual and the significance of the perceptual existence of the person as the main body. Fully affirmative. New practical aesthetics introduces the understanding of existentialism into practice, expands the connotation of practice, deepens people's understanding of the connotation of Marx's view of practice, and inspires people to further understand the connotation of the subject theory of Marx's literary criticism in China. The fifth chapter is mainly from the practice of political ethics. The value orientation of Marx's literary criticism in China is understood. In terms of practical political ethics, the value of political ethics is the value measure of Marx's literary criticism. Its basic connotation and ultimate concern are the social order of Liang Shanzheng's righteousness and the realization of the virtuous circle of human being through human political practice. Full life. Because of the Chinese revolutionary cultural context, Chinese Marx literary criticism desalinated the construction of the political ethics in the course of development. But in the concrete political practice, Chinese Marx literary criticism has paid attention to the ideological reform of the writers, the consciousness of revolutionary ethics, the moral cultivation and the emphasis on individual responsibility and responsibility. In the aspects of the value of the people's nature, it shows that it has its unique national characteristics at the political and ethical level. But at the same time, it should be seen objectively that the war cultural thinking in the revolutionary age makes the just concern and ultimate concern of the political ethics focus on the direct political ideology. The spread of the extreme left politics breeds political to literature. Abduction and utilization have damaged the independence of literature and the value of aesthetic transcendence. Today we reexamine the political dimension of literature from the perspective of Marx's practice view, rethink our existing theoretical tradition and historical experience, which is to return to the political and ethical value of the Chinese literary criticism of Marx in the field of Marx's practical survival. It can be said that the basic connotation of the practice view of Chinese Marx's literary criticism is to think of literature as the political activity of understanding and reforming the society under certain historical conditions. The logic of practice is to understand the Chinese Mark's Mark. The logic of practice is to understand Mark in China. Thinking of a series of basic problems and the inherent relationship between the object and the intrinsic nature of the research object, the construction of contemporary Chinese literary criticism of Marx doctrine should be based on the philosophical view of Marx's practice on the basis of philosophy, and always encounters the modern practice of China in the social revolution and the political reform of the economy. The practical problems, the dialogue of literature and art, the implementation of the basic principle of Marx's doctrine with theory and practice, the term category of the theory of Marx's literary criticism, the frame of the question, the Sinicization of the research object, and the concretion of the Chinese Marx's literary criticism, which are based on the historical experience and other literature and art on the basis of inheriting the historical experience. The criticism genre unfolded the interactive dialogue, thus surpassing the 54 abstract view of "man's Literature", constructing a people oriented view of the people's literature practice, forming a literary practice mode with the popularization of literature and art as the main carrier, and finally completing the Chinese horse through the continuous reflection and dialogue on the proposition of "human literature" in the noumenon level. The paradigm change of Kyth's literary criticism opens up a broader historical space for the construction of Marx's literary criticism system in China.

【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：I206.09

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