转型期中国女性政治参与问题研究
发布时间：2018-07-25 06:20
【摘要】：众所周知,占全球总人口近半数的女性尽管在生存状况上存在较大的差异,却有着一个共同的特点：即相对于男性,女性在政治、经济、社会、文化等领域处于较低的地位。男女不平等自古以来就一直存在,在男权主义占绝对统治地位的奴隶社会和封建社会,女性基本没有参与政治活动的权利和资格。自近代以来,伴随着民主、自由、平等等先进思潮的萌发,女权主义运动悄然兴起,越来越多的女性开始觉醒,为争取自身权益,投身到一系列的政治活动中去。经过长时间的努力和斗争,政治领域中的男性霸主地位开始受到挑战,女性开始拥有政治参与权并在政治舞台崭露头角,当今社会,有些女性甚至进入了最高领导层,在国内和国际政治舞台上发挥重要作用。 在中国的封建社会,男权文化和男权统治可谓根深蒂固。历史课本上出现的诸如武则天、慈禧太后这样的女性政治参与者,可以说是女性政治参与者中的佼佼者,然而世人对她们的政治参与行为的评价却通常都是较为负面的,这一普遍现象直到近代民主思想传入中国以后才稍有改观。中国女性的政治参与有其历史必然性,也有其主观能动性。一方面,随着社会的进步和文明的发展,民主平等的思潮应运而生；另一方面,中国共产党在妇女问题上的觉悟与认识也为我国女性的政治参与创造了有利条件。中国共产党自成立以来,就一直把妇女解放、男女平等作为其奋斗目标之一,非常重视赋予女性政治权利；新中国成立以后,由具有临时宪法性质的《共同纲领》的第一章第六条规定：中华人民共和国废除束缚妇女的封建制度,妇女在政治的、经济的、文化教育的、社会的生活各方面,均有与男子平等的权利[1]。至此,中国女性的政治参与得到了强有力的法律保障。改革开放后,女性在政治领域中的地位发生了很大的变化,越来越多的女性开始参与政治,在许多政治问题上提出自己的观点和看法,可以说女性在政治生活中的表现越来越活跃,作用也越来越突出,一批又一批的女性开始在国内甚至国际政治舞台引领风骚。 自改革开放以来,我国的社会主义建设进入了新的阶段,面临着新的机遇和挑战,我国党与政府在缺乏发展经验的情况下唯有带领广大人民“摸着石头过河”。经历多年的坚持不懈与努力,我党总结相关经验,吸取相关教训,在困境中找到了一条适合我国国情的现实发展道路,实现了经济上的快速稳步增长,政治上的科学民主完善以及人民生活上的逐步富裕提高。尤其是在女性的政治参与方面,更有了长足的进步,不仅相继建立起保护女性政治权利的相关法律制度及法规政策,而且在实际工作中进行监督与管理,使得我国的女性政治参与在人数上有了巨大的突破,男女参与比例的差距有所缩小,女性政治参与的意识和素质也得带提高,女性政治参与的能力和水平也较以往有了很大的进步。但是,转型期以来,我国的女性政治参与状况并不只是一片繁荣的大好景象,其道路依然坎坷,许多问题依然存在。首先,比例低、结构不合理、功能虚化等问题依然没有得到解决；其次,女性整体的素质和能力有待进一步提高；再次,女性的社会性别意识还比较薄弱,整个社会还缺乏先进的社会性别文化；最后,关于女性政治参与的法律制度体系还需进一步完善。 事实上,中国进入转型期后,党和政府一直很重视和支持妇女工作,在很多方面都制定了有利于女性发展的倾斜政策,但女性问题依然存在,尤其是在政治参与方面,女性始终与男性存有较大差距,成为建设民主政治的主要障碍,究其根源,还是我国的社会、经济、文化、意识等方面的因素阻碍了其过程的发展。首先,我国的社会性别文化、民众的普遍心理及社会舆论没有为女性政治参与创造良好的社会环境；其次,我国的社会形态和政治体制制约和阻碍了女性政治参与的积极性和主动性；再次,传统的职业分工和家庭角色分工否定和消耗了女性的工作能力及精力；最后,女性群体自身的文化水平和心理素质也影响了女性政治参与的进程。针对上述问题及原因,为了提高我国女性政治参与的水平,促进我国女性政治参与的发展,必须采取积极的措施加以应对,总的来说,应该从社会文化环境的构建、法律制度的完善、社会分工和社会角色的重塑及女性整体素质和意识的提高等方面着手,解决女性在政治参与方面遇到的问题,真正实现男女在社会生活各个方面的平等,构建社会主义和谐社会。
[Abstract]:As we all know, women, who account for nearly half of the total population of the world, have a common characteristic in spite of the great differences in their living conditions. That is, women are in a lower position in the political, economic, social and cultural fields relative to men. The inequality between men and women has been in existence since ancient times and the slaves in the absolute dominance of patriarchy. In the subordinate society and the feudal society, women had no rights and qualifications to participate in political activities. Since modern times, with the emergence of advanced trends of thought such as democracy, freedom and equality, feminism began to rise quietly, and more and more women began to awaken to a series of political activities for their own rights and interests. Power and struggle, the male hegemony in the political field began to be challenged. Women began to have the right to participate in political participation and come to the forefront of the political arena. Today, some women have even entered the highest leadership, playing an important role in the domestic and international political arena.
In the feudal society of China, the patriarchal culture and the patriarchal rule are ingrained. The female political participants, such as Wu Zetian and the Empress Dowager Ci Xi, can be said to be the best of the female political participants. However, the common people's assessment of their political participation is usually relatively negative, which is common. The phenomenon did not change slightly until the modern democratic thought was introduced into China. The political participation of Chinese women has its historical inevitability and subjective initiative. On the one hand, with the progress of society and the development of civilization, the ideological trend of democracy and equality came into being. On the other hand, the consciousness and understanding of the Chinese Communist Party on women's problems are also for me. The political participation of the women of the state has created favorable conditions. Since the founding of the Communist Party of China, women's Liberation and equality between men and women have been regarded as one of the goals of the struggle for women's political rights. After the founding of the new China, the first chapter of the sixth article of the common program, which has the nature of the provisional constitution, stipulates that: People's Republic of China The abolition of the feudal system that shackles women, women's political, economic, cultural and educational, and all aspects of social life all have equal rights with men [1].. At this point, the political participation of Chinese women has been strongly guaranteed. After the reform and opening up, the status of women in the political domain has changed greatly, and more and more women have become women. Sex begins to participate in politics and puts forward his views and views on many political issues. It can be said that women are more and more active in political life, and their roles are becoming more and more prominent. A batch of women are beginning to lead the world at the domestic and even international political stage.
Since the reform and opening up, our country's socialist construction has entered a new stage, facing new opportunities and challenges. In the absence of development experience, the party and government of our country only lead the people to "cross the river through the stone". Through years of perseverance and efforts, our party summarizes relevant experience, draws related lessons, and finds in difficulties. To a realistic development path suitable for the national conditions of our country, the rapid and steady economic growth has been realized, the political science and democracy and the gradual prosperity of the people's lives have been improved. In particular, the political participation of women has made great progress. Not only has the legal system to protect women's political rights has been established successively, but also the political rights of women have been built in succession. The regulations and policies, and the supervision and management in the actual work, have made a great breakthrough in the number of women's political participation in our country, the gap in the proportion of women and men is narrowed, the consciousness and quality of women's political participation have to be improved, and the ability and level of women's political participation have also been greatly improved. Since the period, the situation of women's political participation in our country is not only a prosperous scene, but the road is still rough and many problems still exist. First, the problems of low proportion, unreasonable structure and function deficiency are still not solved. Secondly, the quality and ability of women as a whole need to be further improved; again, women's society The gender consciousness is still relatively weak, and the whole society lacks the advanced social and gender culture. Finally, the legal system of women's political participation needs to be further improved.
In fact, after China's transition period, the party and the government have always attached great importance to and supported the work of women, and in many ways have formulated a policy of inclination for the development of women. However, the female problems still exist, especially in the political participation, women always have greater differences with men and become the main obstacles to the construction of democratic politics and the root cause. The social, economic, cultural, and conscious factors of our country have hindered the development of the process. First, the social gender culture of our country, the general public psychology and public opinion of the people did not create a good social environment for women's political participation; secondly, the social and political system of our country hindered and hindered the political participation of women. Thirdly, the traditional division of labor and the division of labor of family negates and consumes the working ability and energy of women. Finally, the cultural level and psychological quality of the female group also affect the process of women's political participation. In order to improve the level of women's political participation in our country and promote the level of political participation in our country, the promotion of the level of women's political participation in China is promoted. The development of Chinese women's political participation must take positive measures to deal with it. In general, we should begin with the construction of the social and cultural environment, the perfection of the legal system, the social division of labor and the reshaping of the social role, the improvement of the overall quality and consciousness of women, and the real realization of the problems encountered by women in the political participation. Equality between men and women in all aspects of social life and building a harmonious socialist society.
【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：C913.68;D621.5
本文编号：2142904
[Abstract]:As we all know, women, who account for nearly half of the total population of the world, have a common characteristic in spite of the great differences in their living conditions. That is, women are in a lower position in the political, economic, social and cultural fields relative to men. The inequality between men and women has been in existence since ancient times and the slaves in the absolute dominance of patriarchy. In the subordinate society and the feudal society, women had no rights and qualifications to participate in political activities. Since modern times, with the emergence of advanced trends of thought such as democracy, freedom and equality, feminism began to rise quietly, and more and more women began to awaken to a series of political activities for their own rights and interests. Power and struggle, the male hegemony in the political field began to be challenged. Women began to have the right to participate in political participation and come to the forefront of the political arena. Today, some women have even entered the highest leadership, playing an important role in the domestic and international political arena.
In the feudal society of China, the patriarchal culture and the patriarchal rule are ingrained. The female political participants, such as Wu Zetian and the Empress Dowager Ci Xi, can be said to be the best of the female political participants. However, the common people's assessment of their political participation is usually relatively negative, which is common. The phenomenon did not change slightly until the modern democratic thought was introduced into China. The political participation of Chinese women has its historical inevitability and subjective initiative. On the one hand, with the progress of society and the development of civilization, the ideological trend of democracy and equality came into being. On the other hand, the consciousness and understanding of the Chinese Communist Party on women's problems are also for me. The political participation of the women of the state has created favorable conditions. Since the founding of the Communist Party of China, women's Liberation and equality between men and women have been regarded as one of the goals of the struggle for women's political rights. After the founding of the new China, the first chapter of the sixth article of the common program, which has the nature of the provisional constitution, stipulates that: People's Republic of China The abolition of the feudal system that shackles women, women's political, economic, cultural and educational, and all aspects of social life all have equal rights with men [1].. At this point, the political participation of Chinese women has been strongly guaranteed. After the reform and opening up, the status of women in the political domain has changed greatly, and more and more women have become women. Sex begins to participate in politics and puts forward his views and views on many political issues. It can be said that women are more and more active in political life, and their roles are becoming more and more prominent. A batch of women are beginning to lead the world at the domestic and even international political stage.
Since the reform and opening up, our country's socialist construction has entered a new stage, facing new opportunities and challenges. In the absence of development experience, the party and government of our country only lead the people to "cross the river through the stone". Through years of perseverance and efforts, our party summarizes relevant experience, draws related lessons, and finds in difficulties. To a realistic development path suitable for the national conditions of our country, the rapid and steady economic growth has been realized, the political science and democracy and the gradual prosperity of the people's lives have been improved. In particular, the political participation of women has made great progress. Not only has the legal system to protect women's political rights has been established successively, but also the political rights of women have been built in succession. The regulations and policies, and the supervision and management in the actual work, have made a great breakthrough in the number of women's political participation in our country, the gap in the proportion of women and men is narrowed, the consciousness and quality of women's political participation have to be improved, and the ability and level of women's political participation have also been greatly improved. Since the period, the situation of women's political participation in our country is not only a prosperous scene, but the road is still rough and many problems still exist. First, the problems of low proportion, unreasonable structure and function deficiency are still not solved. Secondly, the quality and ability of women as a whole need to be further improved; again, women's society The gender consciousness is still relatively weak, and the whole society lacks the advanced social and gender culture. Finally, the legal system of women's political participation needs to be further improved.
In fact, after China's transition period, the party and the government have always attached great importance to and supported the work of women, and in many ways have formulated a policy of inclination for the development of women. However, the female problems still exist, especially in the political participation, women always have greater differences with men and become the main obstacles to the construction of democratic politics and the root cause. The social, economic, cultural, and conscious factors of our country have hindered the development of the process. First, the social gender culture of our country, the general public psychology and public opinion of the people did not create a good social environment for women's political participation; secondly, the social and political system of our country hindered and hindered the political participation of women. Thirdly, the traditional division of labor and the division of labor of family negates and consumes the working ability and energy of women. Finally, the cultural level and psychological quality of the female group also affect the process of women's political participation. In order to improve the level of women's political participation in our country and promote the level of political participation in our country, the promotion of the level of women's political participation in China is promoted. The development of Chinese women's political participation must take positive measures to deal with it. In general, we should begin with the construction of the social and cultural environment, the perfection of the legal system, the social division of labor and the reshaping of the social role, the improvement of the overall quality and consciousness of women, and the real realization of the problems encountered by women in the political participation. Equality between men and women in all aspects of social life and building a harmonious socialist society.
【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：C913.68;D621.5
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