美国大学自由教育的源与流
发布时间：2019-05-24 17:04
【摘要】：自由教育是西方高等教育的一条线索,在西方教育史上具有持久的影响力。它不仅是欧洲高等教育成功核心因素之一,也是美国高等教育傲视全球的文化资本,其重要性可见一斑。当今美国是世界第一大经济体,其经济的发展主要来源于科技创新,而科技创新某种程度上源于美国高等教育的活力。美国大学的生命力植根于西方文明的深处,而自由教育正是西方文化的精髓和关键所在。美国大学自由教育思想的形成和发展,是各派观点相互冲突、交流、对话和创新的过程。本研究正是基于对美国高等教育和自由教育重要性的认识,探讨古典自由教育及美国化的过程和特征。溯其源而知其本。古今自由教育的根本精神在于古典自由教育。通过考辨和解读古典文本,从源头探索古典自由教育形成的思想背景与理路。首先,从城邦开始,分别从自然的城邦和城邦的自然两方面论述古典自由教育产生的哲学基础和政治、经济和文化背景。其次,城邦人的自由,分析古代个人的三种自由的内涵,揭示古代人对于这三种自由的不同态度:抑制欲望的自由,倡导德性的自由,限制沉思的自由;最后,不同的态度决定了古代自由人的品格:拥有自由人的政治身份,追求自由和谐的灵魂,保持一颗好奇沉思的赤子之心;从而得出古典自由教育的内涵:非实用教育,公民教育和闲暇教育。中世纪开出了智慧之花——大学。在中世纪,大学和自由教育第一次真正产生联系,成为考究美国大学自由教育渊源另一重要资源。中世纪大学是宗教机构,或者说属于教会。古典自由教育正是通过僧侣“手抄文书”,而继续在中世纪大学延承。中世纪是个信仰的时代,理性该如何自处?自由教育如何一边满足世俗生活的需要,一边又朝向上帝?首先,从尘世之城与上帝之城之间关系着笔,说明中世纪大学诞生的条件、特征;其次,探讨自由教育在中世纪大学尴尬地位,一方面是神学、法学和医学等学科的基础学科,具有基础性和先导性。尤其对于基督教或者神学来说,它训练人的理性和心智,让人更好地理解宗教、宣传教义、信仰宗教,成为从尘世到上帝之城的通道。另一方面,自由教育课程,特别是亚里斯多德哲学等,具有天然的分离和革命因子,它让人更加确信自我的力量,而不再信仰上帝,使它深陷在世俗的世界里难于自拔。最后,从课程与教学角度,论述了“自由七艺”的宗教内涵,以及最终如何在中世纪大学形成的过程。中世纪原型大学为欧美现代大学建设和发展奠定了坚实基础。美国学院(college)时代是指1636年美国第一所殖民地学院哈佛学院建立开始,截止到1861年南北战争爆发。学院时代,殖民地学院是美国高等教育的雏形,塑造了美国现代大学最初的性格。美国高等教育在学习和移植欧洲大学模式的过程中遇到了美国本土特殊的环境。美国自由教育主要表现为继承与本土化,继承主要是指承接中世纪大学和移植英格兰大学自由教育的特点:维护宗教教育;本土化是指自由教育在遭遇美国本土发展环境的挑战时,所做出的改变与适应。清教主义是美国精神的底色和根本;清教徒的自由与使命是美国自由教育发展动力与基础,清教徒是宗教改革派,本身具有革命性,蕴藏渴望自由与解放的特质,加尔文教(calvinism)的专制性使他们的自由与德性为伴,与使命同行;他们自命为“朝圣者”,身负神圣的使命——在北美的旷野上要建立“山巅之城”,有一所“山巅学校”,光照全世界。其次,论述自由教育的继承,学院是各个教派的学校,具有教会性质,宗教是自由教育的灵魂;自由教育的调适是从实践角度,研究自由教育面对美国本土的环境发展的三个阶段,分别是移植、过渡和本土化。最后,科学教育对自由教育的发起严峻的挑战,在这种形势下耶鲁大学发布《1828年报告》,奋力捍卫古典自由教育价值与地位。所以,自由教育一方面接受挑战,积极改革;一方面又极力维护古典自由教育训练心智和充实心灵的根本追求。1829年美国第一次使用“通识教育”(generaleducation)这个概念。从美国南北战争后到20世纪前半叶的百年时间,美国高等教育进入了现代大学时代。在美国现代大学形成的枢纽时期,真正美国式大学学术生活方式取代了陈旧的、宗教的学院体制,美国自由教育也发生了转换和分流,开启了真正的美国时代,被称作“作为通识教育的自由教育”。德国大学模式和实用主义使美国现代大学开始表现为专业化、世俗化、民主化和实用化。自由教育显得越来越抱残守缺,不能适应工业化时代对于大学的要求,遭遇危机、引起争论,最后不得不改弦易辙。大学变得应有尽有,五花八门。眼花缭乱的学科使大学进入自由教育向通识教育转换时期。转换分为三个阶段:第一阶段,哈佛大学校长艾略特实施的自由选修制(free electives)和洛厄尔的分类必修;第二阶段,哥伦比亚大学的“西方文明史”课程成为美国大学通识教育多年的范本;第三阶段,赫钦斯的“伟大名著”(greatbooks)课程。二战后1945-1975,被称为美国高等教育的“黄金时代”,也是美国多元巨型大学时期。流水不腐,世界在变。美国大学已经不是学者的“城镇”,而变成光怪陆离的多元巨型大学(multiversity)。多元巨型大学具有全新的特点,它具有多元目标和职能、向社会所有人开放和倡导学生自由,因此吸引着各种各样的顾客和消费者。作为通识教育的自由教育能够与它和谐相处吗?自由教育在继续衰落的趋势下,发生了分流,一方是自由派的“哈佛红皮书”的通识教育,另一方施特劳斯学派则呼吁回归古典自由教育。对于同一个时代的现代性,二者却提出了大相径庭的方案。双方各自申明对现代性的认识、原因、以及解决问题的方案中,实现着二者之间隐匿的对话。进入21世纪,世界处于全球化时代,世界更小,人与人距离更近,地球村落出现。每个人都是全人类的一份子,不可能完全遗世而独立,隔绝于其它同胞之外。教育要让人有世界主义的情怀,效忠于世界所有人组成的社会,尊重世界任何地方,任何肤色,任何民族的人;摒弃对人的阶层、性别及身份地位的歧视,爱世界所有的人。美国大学自由教育需要有新的发展。玛莎·努斯鲍姆(Martha C.Nussbaum, 1947～)正是基于世界全球化的时代大背景,以及世界和美国多元文化的实际情况,利用古典学学养,向斯多葛派寻找资源,重新诠释了自由教育的意蕴。她认为新自由教育应该以世界公民为目的,应该重视培养人基本的人性,人性不仅包括理性,还有情感和叙事现象力。
[Abstract]:Free education is a clue to the western higher education and has a lasting influence in the history of western education. It is not only one of the core factors in the success of higher education in Europe, but also the cultural capital of higher education in the United States, which is of great importance. Today, the United States is the world's first-largest economy, the development of its economy is mainly from the innovation of science and technology, and the innovation of science and technology is a certain extent from the vitality of higher education in the United States. The vitality of American universities is rooted in the deep of the western civilization, and the free education is the essence and the key of the western culture. The formation and development of the idea of free education in American universities is the process of conflict, communication, dialogue and innovation of all parties. This study is based on the recognition of the importance of American higher education and free education, and probes into the process and characteristics of classical free education and Americanization. To return to its source and to know it. The basic spirit of the free education in ancient and modern times is the classical free education. Through the examination and interpretation of the classical texts, the ideological background and the rational way of the formation of the classical free education are explored from the source. First, from the beginning of the city, the philosophical foundation and the political, economic and cultural background of the classical free education are discussed from the natural two aspects of the natural city and the city. Secondly, the freedom of the people of the city and the three kinds of freedom of the ancient people are analyzed, and the different attitudes of the ancient people to the three freedoms are revealed: the freedom of the suppression of the desire, the freedom to advocate the virtue and the freedom to limit the thought; and finally, the different attitudes determine the character of the ancient free man: With the political status of the free man, the soul of the pursuit of freedom and harmony, the heart of a curious thought is maintained, and the connotation of the classical free education is obtained: the non-practical education, the civic education and the leisure education. In the Middle Ages, the Flower of Wisdom _ University. In the Middle Ages, the first time the university and the free education had a real connection, it became another important resource for the study of the free education of American universities. The medieval university is a religious institution or a church. The classical free education is through the "hand-to-hand instrument" of the monks and continues to carry on in the Middle Ages. In the Middle Ages was a time of faith, and how should it be? How free education is to satisfy the needs of the secular life, and to God? First, from the relationship between the city of the world and the city of God, the paper explains the conditions and features of the birth of the Middle Ages, and then discusses the awkward position of the free education in the Middle Ages, on the one hand it is the basic subject of the subject of theology, law and medicine. In particular, for Christianity or theology, it trains the rationality and mind of the person, and allows the person to better understand the religion, the propaganda of the doctrine, the faith and the religion, and become the passage from the world to the city of God. On the other hand, the course of free education, in particular Aristotle's philosophy, has a natural separation and a revolutionary factor, which makes it more convinced of the strength of the self, and no longer believes in God, making it deep in the secular world. Finally, from the angle of course and teaching, the paper discusses the religious connotation of the "freedom of seven art" and how to form the process in the Middle Ages. The Middle Ages Prototype University laid a solid foundation for the construction and development of the modern university in Europe and the United States. The collegge era, the first colony of american colonies in the united states in 1636, began with the start of the civil war in 1861. The school age, the colonial college is the prototype of the American higher education, and has shaped the original character of the modern university in the United States. American higher education has experienced a special environment in the United States in the process of learning and transplanting the European university model. The American free education is mainly characterized by the inheritance and the localization, and the inheritance is mainly the characteristic of undertaking the free education of the University of the Middle Ages and the University of England: the maintenance of religious education; the localization is the change and adaptation that the free education has made in the face of the challenge of the development environment in the United States. Puritanism is the background and the base of American spirit; the freedom and mission of the Puritans is the power and foundation of American free education, and the Puritans are the religious reformers, which are revolutionary, and have the characteristics of longing for freedom and liberation. The despotism of calvinism makes their freedom and virtue together with the mission; they are the "pilgrim" and the sacred mission _ to set up a "the city of the mountain" in the wilderness of north america with a "mountain school" to light the world. Secondly, it discusses the inheritance of the free education, the school is the school of various sects, has the nature of the church, the religion is the soul of the free education, the adjustment of the free education is from the practical point of view, the study of the free education in the three stages of the development of the environment of the United States, the transplantation, Transition and localization. In the end, the challenge of the education of free education is the challenge of the education of the free education, and in this situation the Yale University has issued a report of <1828> to try to safeguard the value and status of the classical free education. Therefore, the free education, on the one hand, accepts the challenge and the positive reform; on the one hand, it tries to maintain the basic pursuit of the classical free education and train the mind and enrich the mind. In 1829, the first "general education" of general education was used in the United States. From the American Civil War to the first half of the 20th century, American higher education entered the era of modern university. In the key period of the formation of the modern university in the United States, the real American university's academic life style has replaced the old and religious college system, and the American free education also changed and divided, opened the real American time, called the "On the Free Education of General Education". The German university model and the pragmatism make the modern university of the United States begin to show the specialization, the secularization, the democratization and the practical application. The free education is becoming more and more difficult to adapt to the demands of the university in the times of the industrialization, and it can't adapt to the demands of the university, the crisis and the controversy, and finally have to change the line. The university has become one of the most diverse and diverse. The dazzying discipline makes the university enter the transition period of free education to the general education. The transition is divided into three phases: the first stage, the free electives and the classification of Lowell by the principal at Harvard University; and the second phase, the Columbia's "the history of Western civilization" course has become a model for many years of general education in American universities; and, in the third stage, The "great great book" of hchins. The "the golden age" of 1945-1975, known as the higher education in the United States, was also the period of the United States. The world is changing. American universities are not the "town" of the scholars, and become the multiverse of the light-and-off. The multi-element giant university has the new characteristics, it has the multi-objective and function, opens and advocates the student's freedom to the society all, thus attracts all kinds of customers and consumers. Can the free education, as a general education, be in harmony with it? The free education, under the trend of continuing decline, is divided, one is the general education of the liberal "Harvard Red Book", and the other, the Strauss School, calls for the return of the classical free education. For modernity of the same era, the two have put forward a very different plan. The two sides each affirm the understanding of the modernity, the cause, and the solution to the problem, to realize the hidden dialogue between the two. In the 21st century, the world is in the age of globalization, the world is smaller, and the people are closer to the people, and the village of the earth appears. Everyone is a child of all human beings, and it is impossible to remain independent of the world and to be isolated from other compatriots. The education is to make people have the world-oriented feelings, the society that is loyal to the people of the world, respect any place in the world, any skin color, people of any nationality, and abandon the discrimination of the social, gender and identity of the people, and love all the people of the world. The free education of American universities needs new development. Martha C. Nusbaum (1947-) is based on the background of the era of the world's globalization, as well as the reality of the multi-culture in the world and the United States. In her opinion, the new free education should be based on the world's citizens, and should pay more attention to the human nature of the human being. The human nature not only includes reason, but also the emotion and the narrative phenomenon.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：G649.712
，
本文编号：2485031
[Abstract]:Free education is a clue to the western higher education and has a lasting influence in the history of western education. It is not only one of the core factors in the success of higher education in Europe, but also the cultural capital of higher education in the United States, which is of great importance. Today, the United States is the world's first-largest economy, the development of its economy is mainly from the innovation of science and technology, and the innovation of science and technology is a certain extent from the vitality of higher education in the United States. The vitality of American universities is rooted in the deep of the western civilization, and the free education is the essence and the key of the western culture. The formation and development of the idea of free education in American universities is the process of conflict, communication, dialogue and innovation of all parties. This study is based on the recognition of the importance of American higher education and free education, and probes into the process and characteristics of classical free education and Americanization. To return to its source and to know it. The basic spirit of the free education in ancient and modern times is the classical free education. Through the examination and interpretation of the classical texts, the ideological background and the rational way of the formation of the classical free education are explored from the source. First, from the beginning of the city, the philosophical foundation and the political, economic and cultural background of the classical free education are discussed from the natural two aspects of the natural city and the city. Secondly, the freedom of the people of the city and the three kinds of freedom of the ancient people are analyzed, and the different attitudes of the ancient people to the three freedoms are revealed: the freedom of the suppression of the desire, the freedom to advocate the virtue and the freedom to limit the thought; and finally, the different attitudes determine the character of the ancient free man: With the political status of the free man, the soul of the pursuit of freedom and harmony, the heart of a curious thought is maintained, and the connotation of the classical free education is obtained: the non-practical education, the civic education and the leisure education. In the Middle Ages, the Flower of Wisdom _ University. In the Middle Ages, the first time the university and the free education had a real connection, it became another important resource for the study of the free education of American universities. The medieval university is a religious institution or a church. The classical free education is through the "hand-to-hand instrument" of the monks and continues to carry on in the Middle Ages. In the Middle Ages was a time of faith, and how should it be? How free education is to satisfy the needs of the secular life, and to God? First, from the relationship between the city of the world and the city of God, the paper explains the conditions and features of the birth of the Middle Ages, and then discusses the awkward position of the free education in the Middle Ages, on the one hand it is the basic subject of the subject of theology, law and medicine. In particular, for Christianity or theology, it trains the rationality and mind of the person, and allows the person to better understand the religion, the propaganda of the doctrine, the faith and the religion, and become the passage from the world to the city of God. On the other hand, the course of free education, in particular Aristotle's philosophy, has a natural separation and a revolutionary factor, which makes it more convinced of the strength of the self, and no longer believes in God, making it deep in the secular world. Finally, from the angle of course and teaching, the paper discusses the religious connotation of the "freedom of seven art" and how to form the process in the Middle Ages. The Middle Ages Prototype University laid a solid foundation for the construction and development of the modern university in Europe and the United States. The collegge era, the first colony of american colonies in the united states in 1636, began with the start of the civil war in 1861. The school age, the colonial college is the prototype of the American higher education, and has shaped the original character of the modern university in the United States. American higher education has experienced a special environment in the United States in the process of learning and transplanting the European university model. The American free education is mainly characterized by the inheritance and the localization, and the inheritance is mainly the characteristic of undertaking the free education of the University of the Middle Ages and the University of England: the maintenance of religious education; the localization is the change and adaptation that the free education has made in the face of the challenge of the development environment in the United States. Puritanism is the background and the base of American spirit; the freedom and mission of the Puritans is the power and foundation of American free education, and the Puritans are the religious reformers, which are revolutionary, and have the characteristics of longing for freedom and liberation. The despotism of calvinism makes their freedom and virtue together with the mission; they are the "pilgrim" and the sacred mission _ to set up a "the city of the mountain" in the wilderness of north america with a "mountain school" to light the world. Secondly, it discusses the inheritance of the free education, the school is the school of various sects, has the nature of the church, the religion is the soul of the free education, the adjustment of the free education is from the practical point of view, the study of the free education in the three stages of the development of the environment of the United States, the transplantation, Transition and localization. In the end, the challenge of the education of free education is the challenge of the education of the free education, and in this situation the Yale University has issued a report of <1828> to try to safeguard the value and status of the classical free education. Therefore, the free education, on the one hand, accepts the challenge and the positive reform; on the one hand, it tries to maintain the basic pursuit of the classical free education and train the mind and enrich the mind. In 1829, the first "general education" of general education was used in the United States. From the American Civil War to the first half of the 20th century, American higher education entered the era of modern university. In the key period of the formation of the modern university in the United States, the real American university's academic life style has replaced the old and religious college system, and the American free education also changed and divided, opened the real American time, called the "On the Free Education of General Education". The German university model and the pragmatism make the modern university of the United States begin to show the specialization, the secularization, the democratization and the practical application. The free education is becoming more and more difficult to adapt to the demands of the university in the times of the industrialization, and it can't adapt to the demands of the university, the crisis and the controversy, and finally have to change the line. The university has become one of the most diverse and diverse. The dazzying discipline makes the university enter the transition period of free education to the general education. The transition is divided into three phases: the first stage, the free electives and the classification of Lowell by the principal at Harvard University; and the second phase, the Columbia's "the history of Western civilization" course has become a model for many years of general education in American universities; and, in the third stage, The "great great book" of hchins. The "the golden age" of 1945-1975, known as the higher education in the United States, was also the period of the United States. The world is changing. American universities are not the "town" of the scholars, and become the multiverse of the light-and-off. The multi-element giant university has the new characteristics, it has the multi-objective and function, opens and advocates the student's freedom to the society all, thus attracts all kinds of customers and consumers. Can the free education, as a general education, be in harmony with it? The free education, under the trend of continuing decline, is divided, one is the general education of the liberal "Harvard Red Book", and the other, the Strauss School, calls for the return of the classical free education. For modernity of the same era, the two have put forward a very different plan. The two sides each affirm the understanding of the modernity, the cause, and the solution to the problem, to realize the hidden dialogue between the two. In the 21st century, the world is in the age of globalization, the world is smaller, and the people are closer to the people, and the village of the earth appears. Everyone is a child of all human beings, and it is impossible to remain independent of the world and to be isolated from other compatriots. The education is to make people have the world-oriented feelings, the society that is loyal to the people of the world, respect any place in the world, any skin color, people of any nationality, and abandon the discrimination of the social, gender and identity of the people, and love all the people of the world. The free education of American universities needs new development. Martha C. Nusbaum (1947-) is based on the background of the era of the world's globalization, as well as the reality of the multi-culture in the world and the United States. In her opinion, the new free education should be based on the world's citizens, and should pay more attention to the human nature of the human being. The human nature not only includes reason, but also the emotion and the narrative phenomenon.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：G649.712
，
本文编号：2485031
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