民国十年（1927-1937）经济发展中的政府主导与市场互动研究

发布时间：2018-05-20 21:01

本文选题：经济发展 + 政府主导　；参考：《江西财经大学》2015年博士论文

【摘要】：政府与市场关系是长期以来的世界性话题,随着时代发展,理论界众说纷纭,派系层出。环视当代中国,自1978年十一届三中全会以来,三十多年中国经济体制改革,依靠政府强制之手与逐步发挥市场调节作用,取得了举世瞩目的伟大成就。但随着改革进入深水区,政府与市场的关系问题日益发展成为当代中国经济改革的焦点问题。如何实现强势政府向服务型政府之转变,是中国经济改革之重任,任重而道远。本文在已有研究成果的基础上,借助政府与市场关系理论,以1927-1937年民国建设为例,阐述民国十年黄金期发展中的政府主导与市场互动关系,提出本文的主要研究结论:政府适时的正确主导是民国十年经济发展的关键因素。通过对民国十年政府与市场关系的分析与总结,为当代中国处理政府与市场关系提供一定借鉴与参考价值。围绕核心观点,本文分为六章。第一章为导论,主要说明选题价值、文献回顾、研究思路、方法、创新与不足等。文献综述部分,通过对民国十年经济发展与发展原因相关研究进行文献梳理,指出已有研究对1927-1937年民国政府主导下的经济发展认识不足,未能准确解读这一时期政府与市场双向互动推动历史发展的事实,亦未能准确解读好政府与国家资本、民营经济等之间的双向互动关系;已有研究或仅肯定市场作用,无视政府当年以强制性制度供给在诱致性市场创新中无可替代的重要作用,在土地改革中回避租佃制度优化实为农业发展的较优选择,故本文从政府的强制性制度供给与诱致性市场创新相结合的视角,全面阐述与评价南京国民政府在战乱年代推动的农村改革。研究思路与研究方法部分,概述政府与市场关系理论的起源与发展史,并指出任何理论都不是万能的,其张力的施展必须基于不同国家的不同国情与历史传统;基于政府与市场理论之研究视角,归纳本文核心观点,同时明确主要研究内容与研究框架,最后提出创新与不足之处。第二章中国现代化的内外危机及其发展模式转型。国内危机方面,体现在国内新旧军阀分裂混战导致的政治动荡,20世纪30年代市场危机的出现与自然灾害频繁打击;国外方面,体现为世界经济社会发展危机,第一次世界经济危机迅速波及全世界,世界法西斯主义与日本军国主义形成,大规模世界性战争在所难免,而自鸦片战争后,西方国家对中国侵略的长期存在,都加速了中国国家主权的不完整性;理论挑战方面,为摆脱世界性经济危机,美国凯恩斯主义形成与成功实践,美国与西方多数国家走出危机,并走上国家资本主义道路,世界资本主义理论与实践亦趋向日益成熟,对古老而落后的中国而言,是危机亦是挑战;发展模式新选择与威权政府建立方面,阐述中国现代化发展道路开始迈向发展国家资本主义导向的转型,南京国民政府威权统治逐步确立,并创建具有现代性的政治制度。第三章为政府主导下的经济政策环境创新,主要论述南京国民政府供给的各项制度改新。土地私有财产权制度的法律确认,主要资源及矿产所有权的明晰,财产登记的法律保障制度完善,都推动现代产权制度的确立;关税制度的革新促进关税自主权的实现,盐税制度市场化改革,废除厘金制度,促使现代税收制度的确立;废弃银两制度改用银元制度,法币政策确立现代币制,四行二局的国有银行制度之形成,推动南京国民政府迈向金融国家资本道路;南京国民政府颁布各项法律措施,鼓励工业科技发明创新,支持农业科技与技术改良,完善人才引进与培养制度,普及义务教育,发展职业教育与高等教育,广泛引进留学归国人才参与国家建设;南京国民政府出台系列政策,发展重工业、军事工业等,扶持民营经济发展,发展对外贸易,以协调工商业发展;南京国民政府引导各类民间组织发展,支持商会与同业公会组织制度改组,创建农会制度,支持民间建设力量进行乡村建设活动,推动民间组织服务经济发展功能之发挥;南京国民政府发起农业复兴运动,租佃制度优化改新,农业合作社制度创新,资源保护与农田水利建设制度的改进,促进农村秩序的恢复与城乡协调发展。南京国民政府主导的全方位制度创新,虽然存在某些不足或制度的有效性有限,但总体上适应了时代需要,为经济恢复发展奠定基础。第四章为政府主导下市场的互动与多元创新。土地与主要资源的确权实现优化配置,农业生产要素多元流动,主要资源国有化经营,企业资本集中化加速;税制金融制度创新提高了资源配置效率,税制现代化改善了市场交易环境,现代货币促进了市场流通,金融国家资本市场化运作;人才引进与科技创新提升市场竞争力,工业科技改新推动了生产进步,农事技术的市场运转与推广促进农业经济发展,专家与专业人才投身工农业建设;工商业经济协调发展,国家资本主义经济在主要工业领域全面确立,壮大南京国民政府经济力量,提高工业化水平;民营经济朝资本集中化方向发展,民营经济多元化发展活跃市场空间,并带动工业技术进步与管理创新,对外贸易拓深国内外市场;民间组织发挥联接政府与市场的中介作用,商会维护商人利益,同业公会维持市场秩序,民间乡村建设力量投入农业教育与经济建设推动了农业经济的恢复与发展,开启对中国"三农"问题的探索;农村改革中的诱致性市场创新,现代银行支持农村金融体系的形成,农业合作社联接城市金融救济农村,缓解农业资金短缺,推动农业技术改良与进步,对城乡经济发展起到联动效应;小农户经济发展与农业适度规模经营的发展,推动了农村经济的发展。上述政府主导下的市场互动与创新,体现了 1927-1937年政府与市场关系的良性互动与动态发展,虽然存在某些不足或发展的有限性,但总体上推动了近代中国第二次经济黄金期的出现。第五章为民国十年经济发展的历史评价与现实启示。本文指出对于经济落后大国而言,中央政府统治权威的保持与政治稳定非常重要;南京国民政府大量采用留学归国专家与精英治国,专家精英在制度设计与决策实施方面,结合中国国情广泛吸收西方国家先进经验,有利于减少制度试错成本;制度变迁中的政府与市场关系是动态与发展的,而不是一成不变的,但政府与市场保持一定距离是必须的,处理政府与市场关系问题,应依据本国国情与历史传统;农村改革方面,保障农民土地财产权利是核心问题,发展农户经济与家庭农场是现代农业发展的基础,同时注重传统文化建设。当然,民国十年经济建设中存在的不足之处,亦值得后世加以总结与借鉴。第六章是研究结论与展望。通过对民国十年建设中,经济发展中的政府主导与市场互动关系分析,得出本文主要研究结论:正确而适时的政府调控主导是民国十年经济发展的关键因素。
[Abstract]:The relationship between the government and the market has been a worldwide topic for a long time. With the development of the times, the theoretical circles have different opinions and factions. Look around the contemporary China, since the third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee 1978, the economic system reform of China has achieved great achievements in the economic system reform for more than thirty years, relying on the government's compulsory hand and gradually playing the role of market regulation. However, as the reform enters the deep water area, the relationship between the government and the market has become the focus of the economic reform in contemporary China. How to transform the strong government into a service-oriented government is the important task of the reform of China's economy. On the basis of the existing research results, this paper is based on the theory of government and market relations, 1927 The construction of the Republic of China in -1937, for example, expounds the interaction relationship between government leading and market in the golden period of the Republic of China in ten years, and puts forward the main conclusions of this article: the correct leading of the government is the key factor of the economic development of the Republic of China in the ten years of the Republic of China. Through the analysis and summary of the relationship between the government and the market in the ten years of the Republic of China, the government and the city are handled for the contemporary China. The field relationship provides a certain reference and reference value. Around the core point of view, this article is divided into six chapters. The first chapter is an introduction, which mainly explains the value of the topic, literature review, research ideas, methods, innovation and deficiency, etc. part of the literature review, through the literature review of the related research on the economic development and development of the Republic of China in the ten years, points out that the existing research is 192 In the past 7-1937 years, the economic development under the leadership of the Republic of China was insufficient to understand the fact that the two-way interaction between the government and the market promoted the historical development in this period, and failed to accurately interpret the two-way interaction between the government and the state capital and the private economy. The system supply has an irreplaceable and important role in the induced market innovation. In the land reform, avoiding the rent system optimization is a better choice for the agricultural development. Therefore, this article from the government's mandatory system supply and the induced market innovation in the combination of the perspective of the comprehensive exposition and evaluation of the Nanjing national government in the war era driven rural areas. Reform. Research ideas and research methods part, overview the origin and development history of the theory of government and market relations, and point out that any theory is not omnipotent. Its tension must be based on different national conditions and historical traditions; based on the perspective of government and market theory, the core views of this article are summed up and the main research is made. The second chapter is the internal and external crisis of China's modernization and the transformation of its development model. The domestic crisis is reflected in the political turbulence caused by the new and old warlords in China, the emergence of the market crisis in 1930s and the frequent strike of natural disasters, and the world classics in foreign countries. In the crisis of social development, the first world economic crisis has rapidly spread throughout the world, the world fascism and Japanese militarism are formed, and the large-scale world war is unavoidable. After the Opium War, the long existence of western countries' aggression to China has accelerated the incompleteness of Chinese sovereignty; the theoretical challenge is to get rid of the world. The boundary economic crisis, the formation and successful practice of American Keynes doctrine, the United States and most western countries go out of the crisis and go to the road of state capitalism, and the theory and practice of world capitalism are becoming increasingly mature. As for the old and backward China, the crisis is also a challenge; the new choice of the model of development and the establishment of the authoritarian government. The road of the development of China's modernization is beginning to move towards the transition of national capitalist orientation. The authoritarian rule of the national government of Nanjing is gradually established and the political system of modernity is created. The third chapter is the innovation of the economic policy environment under the leadership of the government. It mainly discusses the reform of the system of the civil administration in Nanjing. The legal confirmation of the system, the clarity of the main resources and the ownership of mineral resources, and the perfection of the legal guarantee system for the registration of property all promote the establishment of the modern property rights system; the reform of the tariff system promotes the realization of the tariff autonomy, the market-oriented reform of the salt tax system, the abolition of the Lijin system, the establishment of the modern tax system, the conversion of the abandoned silver and the silver system into silver The yuan system, the law currency policy established the modern currency system, the formation of the state bank system of the four lines and two bureaus, promoted the Nanjing national government to move towards the financial state capital road; the Nanjing national government promulgated various legal measures, encouraged the innovation of Industrial Science and technology, supported agricultural science and technology and technology improvement, perfected the system of talent introduction and cultivation, and popularized compulsory education. In the development of vocational education and higher education, the foreign returned talents are widely introduced to participate in the national construction; the Nanjing national government has introduced a series of policies to develop heavy industry, military industry, support the development of private economy, develop foreign trade and coordinate the development of industry and commerce; the Civil Affairs government of Nanjing guides the development of various kinds of civil organizations and supports the chamber of Commerce and the trade association. Restructuring the organization system, establishing the peasant association system, supporting the civil construction forces to carry out rural construction activities and promoting the function of the economic development of the civil organizations; the Nanjing national government initiated the agricultural revival movement, the optimization and reform of the tenancy system, the innovation of the agricultural cooperative system, the improvement of the resources protection and the farmland water conservancy construction system, and the promotion of the rural rank. The restoration of order and the coordinated development of urban and rural areas. The all-round Institutional Innovation led by the national government of Nanjing, although there are some deficiencies or limited effectiveness of the system, is generally adapted to the needs of the times and lays the foundation for the recovery and development of the economy. The fourth chapter is the interaction and multiple innovation of the market under the leadership of the government. The realization of the true rights of land and the main resources The optimal allocation, the multiple flow of agricultural production elements, the state-owned management of the main resources, the acceleration of the centralization of enterprise capital, the innovation of the system of tax system, the efficiency of the allocation of resources, the improvement of the market environment, the promotion of the circulation of the market, the market operation of the financial countries, the promotion of the market for the introduction of talents and the promotion of scientific and technological innovation in the market. In the field of competitive power, industrial science and technology reform has promoted production progress, the market operation and promotion of agricultural technology promote the development of agricultural economy, experts and professionals devote themselves to the construction of industry and agriculture, the coordinated development of industrial and commercial economy, the comprehensive establishment of the national capitalist economy in the major industrial fields, strengthening the economic power of the national government of Nanjing and raising the industrial water. The private economy is developing in the direction of capital centralization, the diversification of the private economy develops the market space, and promotes the industrial technology progress and management innovation, and the foreign trade expands the domestic and foreign markets; the civil organizations play the intermediary role of the government and the market, the chamber of Commerce maintains the merchant's interests, the Trade Association maintains the market order and the folk countryside construction. Power input into agricultural education and economic construction has promoted the recovery and development of agricultural economy, opened up the exploration of the "three rural" problems in China, the induced market innovation in the rural reform, the formation of the modern bank supporting the rural financial system, the agricultural cooperatives linking the urban financial relief to the rural areas, alleviating the shortage of agricultural funds and promoting the agricultural technology improvement. And progress has a linkage effect on the economic development of urban and rural areas; the economic development of small farmers and the development of a moderate scale of agricultural operation have promoted the development of the rural economy. The market interaction and innovation under the guidance of the above-mentioned government embodies the benign interaction and dynamic development of the relationship between the government and the market for 1927-1937 years, although there are some shortcomings or development. Limited, but generally promoted the emergence of the second economic golden period of modern China. The fifth chapter is the historical evaluation and practical enlightenment of the economic development of the Republic of China in ten years. This article points out that the maintenance and political stability of the ruling authority of the central government is very important for the backward country of the economy. The Nanjing national government has adopted a large number of experts and essence of returning to the country. In the British governing country, the expert elite in the system design and decision implementation, combined with the national conditions of China to absorb the advanced experience of the western countries, is beneficial to reduce the system trial and error costs; the relationship between the government and the market in the institutional change is dynamic and development, not the same, but the government and the market must be kept at a certain distance and deal with the government and the government. The problem of market relations should be based on the national conditions and historical traditions of the country. In the aspect of rural reform, the protection of farmers' land and property rights is the core problem. The development of farmers' economy and family farms is the basis for the development of modern agriculture, while paying attention to the construction of traditional culture. Of course, the shortcomings of the economic construction in the ten years of the Republic of China are worth summing up by the later generations. And the sixth chapter is the conclusion and Prospect of the study. Through the analysis of the interaction relationship between the government leading and the market in the economic development in the ten years of the Republic of China, the main conclusion of this paper is that the correct and timely government regulation is the key factor of the economic development of the Republic of China in ten years.
【学位授予单位】：江西财经大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D693;F129

【参考文献】