排放贸易和清洁发展机制在中国的发展及其影响

发布时间：2018-07-06 20:57

本文选题：排放贸易 + 清洁发展机制　；参考：《东北财经大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：气候变化问题对当今各国政府来说是十分艰巨且期待解决的问题之一。全球性气温升高及其后果已经严重影响到地球上的各种生命形态。因气候问题而产生的如此严重的影响是不可忽略的。因此,国际多边合作是缓解和解决气候变化问题的关键途径。 30多年前,国际社会开始了对解决气候问题的第一次探讨。2005年京都议定书的提出,促进了全球多边磋商和会谈的有效性。在京都议定书的框架下,三个灵活性机制——排放贸易机制,联合履行机制,和清洁发展机制——被提出；京都议定书及其三个灵活性机制并不是解决一切环境问题的万能药,而是能使国际多边合作有效开展的合作框架。然而,京都议定书模式的有效性,很大程度上取决于参与国政策制定者的决心及其代表的国家利益。在京都议定书框架下,欧盟15国(注：京都议定书制定初期时仅有的15个欧盟成员国)以及其他37个主要工业国家承诺将减少温室气体(主要为二氧化碳,甲烷,氧化亚氮,六氟化硫,氢氟碳化物及全氟化碳)的排放量。相应的正式措施开始于2008年,并于2012年结束。这个阶段被称为京都议定书第一承诺期。之后自2013年开始的京都议定书第二承诺期有望吸纳更多国家加入,此外,第二承诺期亦有望提出更加有力的措施。自第二承诺期开始,亚洲发展中国家将会被给予更多关注。地处亚洲的新经济体中国及印度等国家已经成为温室气体排放的主要贡献者。本论文以此为背景,探讨温室气体排放的影响,排放贸易和清洁发展机制在中国的发展,以及中国在后京都议定书(即第一承诺期结束后)的应对。论文从介绍温室气体排放及其影响为开端,说明了减少温室气体排放不仅十分必要而且十分紧迫。在了解了减少温室气体排放的重要性以后,笔者详细介绍了联合国气候变化框架公约(UNFCCC)以及京都议定书。此外,中国在这两个框架下的运作情况也进行了说明。值得一提的是,中国正不断感受到来自外部和内部的共同压力：由于中国已经成为温室气体排放的主要贡献国家,国际社会,尤其是以美国为首的发达国家,紧盯中国不放。与此同时,中国经济结构不合理(表现为过大比例的能源密集型工业)的现状,也亟须改变。为了阐明碳排放与贸易的关系,以及为什么碳排放市场能够形成,本文简述了相关的理论,包括贸易与排放,比较优势理论,以及技术转移理论等。在这些理论当中,比较优势理论和技术转移理论为排放贸易市场和清洁发展机制打下了理论基础。比较优势理论说明了,只要世界贸易可行,各国可以专注于其优势产业,即各国需要发展其比较优势。这个理论对温室气体排放同样适用：有些国家因其自身经济,政治和地理因素,可以有效地以较低成本进行温室气体排放管理,而另外一些国家则不然。因此,一旦国际排放市场形成,一些国家就可以凭借自己处理温室气体排放的能力在市场上进行交易,从而使得整个社会福利得到提高。当今世界已经日渐成为一个“基于知识的一体化经济体”(见Lai,2011)。知识和科技是一个国家立于民族之林的两个重要支柱,他们在生产力和经济发展中扮演者至关重要的角色。然而,现实是各国在科技发展的中所处的阶段不尽相同。得益于国际贸易的产生,科技和知识得以从科技较发达的国家到较落后的国家。技术,知识和科技在国家和企业间的流动常被称为(国际)技术转移。促进国际技术转移是联合国气候变化框架公约和京都议定书的重要特点之一。事实上,技术转移也是激励和帮助发展中国家处理环境问题的手段之一。联合国气候变化框架公约和京都议定书下的诸多措施使得发展中国家能够较快地吸收和学习先进知识,从而能够大幅度地跟进发达国家。另外,本文介绍了排放贸易和清洁发展机制,这两个机制对中国有重要的影响。排放贸易是以市场为基础,通过提供经济上的激励而达到控制污染和减少排放的目的。要建立排放贸易机制,中央控制机构,例如政府,需要预先制定排放限额。在排放限额制定以后,限额被分配到相关企业并以配额,碳信用额等形式进行分配。这些配额,碳信用额等加总不得超过先前制定的限额。因此,在此种制度下,那些需要超额排放的企业需要支付一定费用从其他企业购买等值的配额。而那些因减少排放而有额外配额的企业可以卖出配额,从而获得报酬。清洁发展机制帮助发展中国家发展减排项目。此机制建立的目的在于如下两个方面：第一,它帮助发展中国家实现可持续发展和减少环境变化的负面后果；第二它使得发达国家能够顺利的完成京都议定书对这些国家制定的减排任务。清洁发展机制为参与国提供了双赢的解决方案：一方面,发展中国家从技术转移中获益。另一方面,发达国家能够顺利完成他们的减排目标。此外,本文着重阐述了中国与排放贸易的关系。首先,本文通过说明中国经济状况,能源使用现状,以及温室气体排放情况,论证了中国亟须减少对温室气体的排放。清洁发展机制的出现使得中国能够通过清洁发展机制从发达国家获得新的清洁技术。加入清洁发展机制使得中国在多方面受益,例如税收受益,国际国际供应链中的比较优势,从发达国家学习最新科技的机会。加入清洁发展机制也给中国带来生态、社会等各方面的好处,比如好的生态环境和生活水平。另一方面,不可否认的是,中国参与清洁发展机制的过程中亦面临很多问题。这些问题包括地方级政府和当地居民对清洁发展机制的不了解和不理解,对国外投资者缺乏有效的经济方面的吸引力,在清洁发展机制项目开展过程中对当地居民的补贴不到位,以及清洁发展机制运作过程中的高交易成本。本文提出了中国参与排放贸易与清洁发展机制的建议。首先,中国应该一如既往的支持清洁发展机制项目在中国的发展。考虑到中国已经成为温室气体排放的主要贡献者之一,吸引更多的清洁发展机制来中国有利于当地环境的发展。此外,许多发达国家,以及京都议定书以外的少数几个发达国家(比如美国)坚称以中国为首的新兴经济体也应该负担相应明确的减排任务。参与清洁发展机制可以体现中国政府对共同应对全球环境问题的决心。为了吸引更多清洁发展机制和更好地服务既有的清洁发展机制项目,中国政府应该加快相关配套规定的落实,以及适当地提供财政奖励。其次,中国应该适当考虑建立一个立足于本国的(排放)交易机制。在未来,这个交易机制可以逐步发展直到能够与既有的碳排放市场和排放贸易体系相接轨。中国应该向欧盟排放交易体系(EU ETS)学习有助于建立排放贸易机制的经验教训。再次,中国应该不断地完善其自身经济结构。大型资源密集型工业的比重过高是中国经济结构的一大特点。这一状况在短时间内不会得到改善。因此,中国政府应该不断致力于发展低碳科技。这意味着中国不但应该不断吸引清洁发展机制项目,更应该抓紧吸收这些项目所带来的高端技术和最新科技。为了达到这个目标,应该不断促进大学和研究机构与当地政府及企业的合作。此外,相应的措施应该出台去促进职业学校招生,这样在情节发展机制项目中具有相应技能的劳动力能够很快地学习高新技术。中国现阶段经济发展的现状决定了,在未来可预见的一段时间内,中国将始终是温室气体排放大国,且这种状况在短时间内不会改变。由于中国正在工业化进程中,贸然大幅度停止温室气体排放是不合理的。中国在内在经济发展需要和外在减排压力中找到自身平衡。当今全球气候变化问题在绝大程度上是因发达国家在数十甚至数百年前造成的。因此,发达国家应该承担更大比例的责任。然而事实上许多发达国家(比如美国)因其自身国家利益并不愿意承担责任,而这明显对发展中国家不利。作为世界第二大经济体,中国应该起带头作用,同发达国家磋商,讨论如何共同担负治理气候变化的重任。另外,中国应该在未来的多边合作中更加活跃。现行的京都议定书框架下政策制定是从上至下的,然而这不能够很好地反应发展中国家的意愿。近年来国际社会将目光从发达国家逐渐转向发展中国家,随着发展中国家在气候治理问题上的重要性逐渐增加以中国为首的发展中国家应该主动参与多边合作谈判,为自己发声。因此,我们寄希望于中国在未来的多边合作中可以起到带头作用。
[Abstract]:Climate change is one of the most arduous and expected problems for today's governments. Global warming and its consequences have seriously affected the various forms of life on the earth. Such a serious impact on climate can not be ignored. Therefore, international multilateral cooperation is to mitigate and solve climate change. The key way of the problem.
More than 30 years ago, the international community started the first discussion of the.2005 Kyoto Protocol on solving the climate problem and promoted the effectiveness of global multilateral consultations and talks. Under the framework of the Kyoto Protocol, the three flexibility mechanisms, emissions trading mechanisms, joint implementation machines, and clean development mechanisms were proposed; Kyoto discussed. The book and its three flexibility mechanisms are not an omnipotent remedy for all environmental problems, but a cooperative framework that can effectively carry out international multilateral cooperation. However, the effectiveness of the Kyoto protocol model depends largely on the determination of the policymakers of the participating countries and the national interests of their representatives.
Under the Kyoto protocol framework, the 15 EU countries (Note: the only 15 EU member states at the beginning of the Kyoto Protocol) and the other 37 major industrial countries have promised to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases (mainly carbon dioxide, methane, Nitrous Oxide, six sulfur fluoride, fluorocarbon and perfluorocarbon). The corresponding formal measures began in 2. 008 years, which ended in 2012, is called the first commitment period of the Kyoto protocol. Then the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, which began in 2013, is expected to absorb more countries. In addition, the second commitment period is expected to put forward more forceful measures. From the beginning of the second commitment period, the developing countries in Asia will be given more attention. The new economies in Asia, such as China and India, have become the main contributors to greenhouse gas emissions. This paper takes this as the background to discuss the effects of greenhouse gas emissions, the development of emission trade and clean development mechanism in China, and China's response to the post Kyoto Protocol (after the end of the first commitment period).
The paper begins with the introduction of greenhouse gas emissions and its impact, indicating that it is not only necessary and urgent to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. After understanding the importance of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the author detailed the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto protocol. In addition, China is under these two frameworks. It is worth mentioning that China is constantly experiencing the common pressure from both outside and inside: as China has become a major contributing country to greenhouse gas emissions, the international community, especially the developed countries headed by the United States, stares at China. At the same time, China's economic structure is not reasonable. The current situation of over a large proportion of energy intensive industries is also urgent to change.
In order to clarify the relationship between carbon emissions and trade and why the carbon emissions market can be formed, the relevant theories, including trade and emission, comparative advantage theory and technology transfer theory, are introduced in this paper. In these theories, the theory of comparative advantage and technology transfer theory have laid a rationale for the emission trade market and the clean development mechanism. The theory of comparative advantage shows that as long as world trade is feasible, countries can focus on their dominant industries, that is, countries need to develop their comparative advantages. This theory applies to greenhouse gas emissions as well: some countries can effectively manage greenhouse gas emissions at lower costs because of their own economic, political and geographical factors. Other countries are not. So, once the international emissions market is formed, some countries can trade on the market by their own capacity to deal with greenhouse gas emissions, making the whole social welfare better.
Today, the world has become a "knowledge-based integrated economy" (see Lai, 2011). Knowledge and technology are the two important pillars of a nation in the forest of nationalities. They play a vital role in the productivity and economic development. However, the reality is that each country is not the same in the development of science and technology. Thanks to the emergence of international trade, technology and knowledge have been developed from more and more advanced countries to relatively backward countries. Technology, knowledge and technology flows between countries and enterprises are often referred to as (International) technology transfer. Promoting international technology transfer is one of the important features of the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change and the Kyoto protocol. The transfer of surgery is also one of the means to motivate and help developing countries to deal with environmental problems. The United Nations Framework Convention on climate change and the Kyoto protocol make it possible for developing countries to absorb and learn advanced knowledge quickly, so that the developed countries can be greatly followed.
In addition, this article introduces the emission trade and the clean development mechanism. These two mechanisms have an important impact on China. Emissions trade is based on the market, to control pollution and reduce emissions by providing economic incentives. To establish emissions trading mechanisms, central control institutions, such as the government, need to establish emission limits in advance. After the emission limits are formulated, the quotas are allocated to the related enterprises and are allocated in the form of quotas and carbon credits. These quotas, carbon credits, etc. shall not exceed the previously established limits. Therefore, under such a system, those enterprises requiring excess emissions need to pay a certain amount of quotas from other enterprises. Companies that have additional quotas to reduce emissions can sell quotas to get paid. The clean development mechanism helps developing countries to develop emission reduction projects. The mechanism is built on two aspects: first, it helps developing countries to achieve sustainable development and reduce the negative consequences of environmental changes; second it makes The developed countries can successfully complete the emission reduction tasks set by the Kyoto Protocol to these countries. The clean development mechanism provides a win-win solution for the participating countries: on the one hand, the developing countries benefit from the technology transfer. On the other hand, the developed countries can successfully complete their emission reduction targets.
In addition, this paper focuses on the relationship between China and emission trade. First, by explaining China's economic situation, energy use status and greenhouse gas emissions, this paper demonstrates China's urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The emergence of a clean development mechanism enables China to get new from the developed countries through the clean development mechanism. China has benefited in many ways by joining the clean development mechanism, such as the benefit of the tax revenue, the comparative advantage in the international supply chain, the opportunity to learn the latest science and technology from the developed countries. The clean development mechanism also brings China the good places of ecology, society and other aspects, such as the good ecological environment and the living standard. It is undeniable that China is also faced with many problems in the process of participating in the clean development mechanism. These issues include local governments and local residents who do not understand and understand the clean development mechanism, lack the effective economic attraction for foreign investors, and the local residents in the process of clean and clean development mechanism. Subsidies are not in place, and high transaction costs in the operation of CDM.
This paper proposes China's participation in the emission trade and clean development mechanism. First, China should continue to support the development of CDM projects in China. Considering that China has become one of the main contributors to greenhouse gas emissions, China has attracted more clean development mechanisms to help the development of the local environment. In addition, many developed countries, as well as a few developed countries outside the Kyoto Protocol (such as the United States), insist that China led emerging economies should also bear a corresponding clear emission reduction task. Participation in the clean development mechanism can reflect the Chinese government's determination to tackle global environmental problems together in order to attract more clean development machines. To make and better serve the existing CDM projects, the Chinese government should speed up the implementation of relevant supporting regulations and provide financial incentives appropriately.
Second, China should consider the establishment of a domestic (emission) trading mechanism. In the future, the trading mechanism can be progressively developed until it is compatible with existing carbon emissions markets and emissions trading systems. China should learn from the EU Emission Trading System (EU ETS) to learn from the lessons learned from the emission trading mechanism. Again, China should constantly improve its own economic structure. The high proportion of large and resource intensive industries is a major feature of China's economic structure. This situation will not improve in a short time. Therefore, the Chinese government should continue to develop low carbon technology. This means that China should not only continue to attract clean development machines. In order to achieve this goal, we should continue to promote cooperation between universities and research institutions and local governments and enterprises. In addition, the corresponding measures should be introduced to promote vocational school enrolment, which has the corresponding skills in the plot development project. The labor force is able to learn new and high technology quickly.
At the present stage of China's economic development, China will always be a major greenhouse gas emitter in the foreseeable future, and this situation will not change in a short period of time. Because China is in the process of industrialization, it is unreasonable to stop greenhouse gas emissions by a large margin. China is in need of economic development. The problem of global climate change today is largely caused by the developed countries decades or even hundreds of years ago. Therefore, the developed countries should take a greater proportion of responsibility. In fact, many developed countries (such as the United States) are not willing to take responsibility for their own national interests, and this is the fact that many developed countries (such as the United States) are not willing to take responsibility for their own national interests. As the second largest economy in the world, China should take the lead and discuss with developed countries how to share the responsibility of managing climate change together.
In addition, China should be more active in the future multilateral cooperation. The current Kyoto protocol framework is from top to bottom, but it is not a good response to the wishes of developing countries. In recent years, the international community has shifted its attention from developed countries to developing countries, with developing countries on the issue of Climate Governance. The importance of China - led developing countries should take the initiative to participate in multilateral cooperation negotiations and make a sound for themselves. Therefore, we hope that China can play a leading role in the future multilateral cooperation.
【学位授予单位】：东北财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：X38;F752.6;F124.5

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