中印利用FDI优化产业结构的比较研究

发布时间：2018-07-14 12:46

【摘要】：伴随着全球产业结构调整和升级进程的加快,一国的产业结构和经济发展之间的相互影响关系也日益突显。近年来,加快产业结构调整促进一国经济增长成为了国内外学者日益关注的焦点。影响产业结构的因素有很多,既有需求和供给、技术进步的因素,也有国际贸易和国际投资等方面的因素。在如今开放经济条件下,外商直接投资(FDI)成为推动产业结构优化升级过程中的重要因素。外商直接投资对产业结构升级的促进作用不仅通过资金供给进行,而且还通过外资企业带来的先进技术和管理经验来完成。中国和印度这两大新兴大国,在近些年的发展都非常迅速,受到了世界的瞩目。两国的开放都是源于上世纪末期,中国虽说开始于1978年,但在1992年之前的对外开放只是小规模、小范围的,真正的开放时间应该是在1992年邓小平南巡讲话之后。印度的对外开放时间也是在上世纪90年代初期。在对外开放以后,两国在吸引外资上都取得了很好的成绩。《2007年世界投资报告》指出,中国和印度是全球最有吸引力的外国直接投资目的地。中国的外商直接投资的增长速度在1992和1993年都高达150%,之后每年依然保持了较快的增长速度。印度在吸引外资的规模上虽赶不上中国,但平均增速却远在中国之上。两国数量巨大的外商直接投资在促进两国经济增长的同时,也带动了两国产业结构的调整与升级。现有的很多文章有对印度的外商直接投资进行研究,也有对印度的产业结构进行研究,但把两者结合起来研究的文章屈指可数。印度的外商直接投资主要流向其第三产业中的服务业,尤其是高科技的现代服务业,而相对应的,中国的外商直接投资主要流向一般的劳动密集型的加工制造业。差异巨大的外商直接投资会对两国的产业结构产生何种不同的影响,这是值得深思和研究的话题。因此,对两国外商直接投资影响产业结构的效应进行比较研究具有很大的现实意义。本文梳理了外商直接投资与东道国的产业结构关系的相关文献和相关理论,分析了外商直接投资促进产业结构升级的机制,即外商直接投资通过技术转移与外溢、国际产业转移与资本积累等影响产业结构。在理论的基础上对中印两国的外商直接投资和产业结构状况进行了详尽的分析,指出外商直接投资对两国产业结构的调整产生了积极的促进作用。自改革开放以来,我国在利用外商直接投资促进产业结构调整方面已取得了一定的进步。与印度相比,外商直接投资对我国第二、三产业的影响效果很显著,但我国产业结构偏重于工业制造业的发展以及其内部结构的严重不均衡,这在一定程度上影响到了外商直接投资对我国产业结构的影响效果。印度的外商直接投资主要集中于其第三产业中的现代服务业,这部分外商直接投资的技术转移和外溢效应较明显,这在一定程度上促进了印度第三产业的发展,但由于印度的工农业基础较薄弱,未能给印度第三产业提供坚实的基础,所以即使有大量外商直接投资进入到了印度的第三产业,也未能带动印度工业的快速发展,因此,外商直接投资对印度的产业结构调整与升级效应并不显著。文章结构主要分为五个部分。第一部分是文章的绪论部分,介绍了本文的写作目的与意义,并分别从外商直接投资与技术外溢、外商直接投资与产业关联和外商直接投资与资本形成几个方面对外商直接投资与产业结构升级的相关文献进行了梳理。第二部分是概念和理论部分,介绍了文章后面的研究需要涉及到的外商直接投资理论和产业结构相关理论,外商直接投资理论涉及垄断优势理论、国际产品生命周期理论、内部化理论、边际产业转移理论和国际生产折衷理论。产业结构理论介绍了产业关联理论和产业发展形态理论、产业结构演进的规律、产业结构演进的动因和产业结构优化。介绍理论后,文章对外商直接投资引起产业结构升级的影响机制做了分析,指出跨国公司的外商直接投资总是伴随着一揽子要素转移,不仅会给东道国带来资本,而且也带来了产品、技术、经营管理模式,并使之渗透到东道国的产业结构中,这样一来,外商直接投资既促进了东道国的资本、技术行业发展,也带动了东道国相关配套产业的发展。因此,跨国公司的外商直接投资能通过技术转移和外溢、国际产业转移、产业集群和产业资本等效应,进而影响到一国的产业结构。第三和第四部分是文章的重点部分。第三部分先后分析了两国的外商直接投资的发展历程和情况、产业结构状况、外商直接投资的产业结构特点,指出两国的外商直接投资的产业构成有极大的差别。印度的外商直接投资的主要流向是金融业和非金融服务、电子设备行业和通讯业等现代服务业,而中国的外商直接投资主要流向以劳动密集为主的初级加工制造业。在两国外商直接投资的不同产业构成基础上,对两国的外商直接投资对产业结构的影响效果做了比较详尽的分析。第四部分是实证部分,考虑到外商直接投资在两国第一产业上的比重极低因而影响效果不显著的事实,这部分以两国的第二、三产业为研究对象,运用实证方法分析分布在两国第二、三产业的外商直接投资与两国第二、三产业增加值之间的相关关系,得出外商直接投资促进了两国产业结构调整与升级的结论。通过两国间的横向比较,发现印度的外商直接投资对其产业结构的影响效果的显著程度不及中国。文章也分析了产生上述结论的可能原因是两国的发展路径不同,中国采取了由低到高的发展模式,而印度则是由高到低发展。第五部分是文章的结论和启示部分。结论部分指出利用外资与两国的产业结构改变呈正相关,外商直接投资促进了两国产业结构调整与升级,但我国利用外商直接投资优化产业结构的效果比印度显著。原因可能是由于两国的发展路径不同,中国采取了由低到高的发展模式,而印度则是由高到低发展。同时文章还总结得出两国FDI引起的产业结构的优化升级效应有限。启示部分是根据前文分析中两国利用外商直接投资优化产业结构存在的问题提出的几点对我国有意义的启示。主要内容包括：(1)FDI的产业选择要与引资目标一致；(2)吸引外商直接投资要兼顾“量”和“质”；(3)FDI对两国产业结构的影响作用有限,两国调整产业结构更应依靠自身。
[Abstract]:With the acceleration of the global industrial structure adjustment and upgrading process, the relationship between the industrial structure and economic development of a country is becoming more and more obvious. In recent years, accelerating the industrial structure adjustment to promote the economic growth of a country has become the focus of attention of scholars at home and abroad. There are many factors affecting the production structure, both demand and supply. In today's open economy, foreign direct investment (FDI) has become an important factor in promoting the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure. The promotion of foreign direct investment to the upgrading of industrial structure is not only through capital supply, but also through foreign investment enterprises. The industry has brought the advanced technology and management experience to complete.
China and India, the two big emerging powers, have developed very rapidly in recent years and have attracted the attention of the world. The opening of the two countries came from the end of the last century. Although China began in 1978, the opening to the outside world before 1992 is only a small scale, and the real opening time should be the Deng Xiaoping South tour in 1992. The opening time of India is also in the early 90s of the last century. After opening to the outside world, both countries have achieved good results in attracting foreign investment in the world.<2007 world investment report. China and India are the most attractive destinations for foreign direct investment in the world. The growth rate of foreign direct investment in China is 1992 and 1993. The average growth rate of India in the scale of attracting foreign investment is far from China, but the average growth rate is far above China. The large number of foreign direct investment in the two countries also promotes the economic growth of the two countries, as well as the adjustment and upgrading of the industrial structure of the two countries. There are many existing articles. The chapter has a study of foreign direct investment in India and the research on the industrial structure of India, but there are few articles to combine the two. The foreign direct investment in India mainly flows to the service industry in the third industry, especially the modern service industry of high technology, and the foreign direct investment owner of China is corresponding. In order to flow to the general labor intensive manufacturing industry, what different impacts on the industrial structure of the two countries will be affected by the huge difference of FDI, which is worth thinking and studying. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to compare the effects of FDI on the industrial structure of the two countries.
This paper has combed the related literature and related theories of the relationship between FDI and the host country's industrial structure, and analyzed the mechanism of FDI promoting industrial structure upgrading, that is, the influence of FDI through technology transfer and spillover, international industrial transfer and capital accumulation, and so on. On the basis of theory, China and India are on the basis of theory. The situation of foreign direct investment and industrial structure is analyzed in detail, and it is pointed out that foreign direct investment has a positive effect on the adjustment of the industrial structure of the two countries. Since the reform and opening up, China has made certain progress in the use of foreign direct investment to promote industrial structure adjustment. Compared with India, the foreign direct investment has been compared with the foreign direct investment. The effect on the second, third industry of our country is very significant, but the industrial structure of our country is heavy on the development of industrial manufacturing industry and the serious imbalance of its internal structure, which affects the effect of foreign direct investment on the industrial structure of our country to a certain extent. The foreign direct investment in India mainly concentrates on its third industry. In the service industry, the technology transfer and spillover effect of this part of foreign direct investment is obvious. This has promoted the development of the third industry in India to some extent, but because of the weak foundation of India's industrial and agricultural industry, it has not provided a solid foundation for the third industry of India, so even a large number of foreign direct investment has entered the third production of India. Industry has not been able to drive the rapid development of India's industry. Therefore, the effect of FDI on India's industrial structure adjustment and upgrading is not significant.
The structure of the article is divided into five parts. The first part is the introduction part of the article. It introduces the purpose and significance of this article, and the related documents of FDI and industrial structure upgrading from foreign direct investment and technology spillover, foreign direct investment and industrial association and foreign direct investment and capital formation. Carding is done.
The second part is the concept and the theoretical part. It introduces the theory of foreign direct investment and the related theory of industrial structure. The theory of foreign direct investment involves the theory of monopoly advantage, the theory of international product life cycle, the theory of internalization, the theory of marginal industry transfer and the theory of International production compromise. This paper introduces the theory of industrial association and the theory of industrial development form, the law of the evolution of industrial structure, the motivation of the evolution of the industrial structure and the optimization of the industrial structure. After introducing the theory, the paper analyzes the influence mechanism of the industrial structure upgrading caused by foreign direct investment, and points out that the foreign direct investment of the multinational companies is always accompanied by a package. It will not only bring capital to the host country, but also bring products, technology, management and management model, and make it infiltrate into the industrial structure of the host country. In this way, foreign direct investment not only promotes the capital of the host country, the development of the technology industry, but also the development of the related supporting industries of the East Road. Direct investment can affect the industrial structure of a country through technology transfer and spillover, international industrial transfer, industrial cluster and industrial capital.
The third and fourth parts are the key parts of the article. The third part analyses the development process and situation of foreign direct investment in the two countries, the industrial structure and the industrial structure characteristics of foreign direct investment, and points out that the industrial composition of foreign direct investment in the two countries has great differences. The main flow of FDI in India is gold. In the modern service industry such as financial and non-financial services, electronic equipment industry and communication industry, China's foreign direct investment flows mainly to labor intensive primary manufacturing industry. On the basis of different industries of foreign direct investment, the effect of foreign direct investment on industrial structure of the two countries is more detailed. Analysis.
The fourth part is an empirical part, considering the fact that the proportion of foreign direct investment in the first industry of the two countries is very low and thus the effect is not significant. This part takes the second, third industry of the two countries as the research object, and uses the empirical method to analyze the foreign direct investment in the second, third industries of the two countries and the added value of the second, third industry of the two countries. Through the horizontal comparison between the two countries, it is found that the effect of foreign direct investment in India on its industrial structure is less significant than that of China. The possible reason for the conclusion is that the development path of the two countries is not the same. Similarly, China has adopted a low to high development mode while India has developed from high to low.
The fifth part is the conclusion and Enlightenment part of the article. The conclusion part points out that the use of foreign capital is positively related to the industrial structure change of the two countries. Foreign direct investment has promoted the industrial structure adjustment and upgrading of the two countries, but the effect of using FDI to optimize industrial structure is more significant than that of India. The reason may be the development path of the two countries. In contrast, China has adopted a development model from low to high, while India is from high to low. At the same time, the article also concludes that the optimization and upgrading effect of the industrial structure caused by the two countries' FDI is limited. The main contents are as follows: (1) the industrial choice of FDI should be in accordance with the target of attracting investment; (2) to attract foreign direct investment should be taken into account "quantity" and "quality"; (3) the impact of FDI on the industrial structure of the two countries is limited, and the two countries should rely on themselves to adjust the industrial structure.
【学位授予单位】：西南财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：F124;F135.1

【参考文献】