基于三维激光扫描的桥面变形检测技术应用研究

发布时间：2018-05-12 04:25

本文选题：三维激光扫描 + 桥　；参考：《重庆交通大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：17世纪初,望远镜的发明和应用对测量技术的发展起了很大的促进作用。1903年飞机的发明,促进了航空摄影测量技术的发展。1964年GPS投入使用,带来了测绘领域的一次技术革命。三维激光扫描技术是近十多年才发展起来的一项新兴测绘技术,已被誉为“继GPS技术之后,测绘领域又一次技术革命”。该技术能够高精度、快速、无接触获取实物点云数据,重建扫描实物的空间三维模型,是获取空间数据最有效率的手段。引入新兴技术往往能对行业发展起到促进作用。本文阐述了三维激光扫描技术的国内外研究与应用现状;分析了三维激光扫描技术的原理和误差理论;对比分析了三维激光扫描技术与传统测量方法的不同和优势。结合目前研究三维激光扫描技术应用于桥梁变形检测案例较少的实际情况和“桥梁面相学”,本文进行基于三维激光扫描技术的桥梁变形检测应用研究。桥梁变形检测是运营期间维护桥梁正常使用必不可少的措施。传统的桥梁变形检测一般采用全站仪、水准仪等,相关的应用思路、方法和理论都已成熟,形成了相应的技术理论体系和行业规范标准。三维激光扫描技术作为一项新兴技术,具有具有独特的优势和功能,但将其广泛用于桥梁变形检测还有很长的路要走。主要表现为,关于三维激光扫描技术的研究大都集中在桥面扫描数据用于桥梁快速建筑建模,很少用于桥面变形检测分析,此外在精度方面的理论和试验研究也较少。本文通过理论研究和现场模拟试验,重点研究三维激光扫描技术用于桥梁桥面垂直变形检测的可行性。本文从应用角度入手,研究三维激光扫描的基本原理与方法,详细介绍了外业点云数据采集流程和内业点云数据处理流程。利用徕卡公司提供的Nova MS50三维激光扫描仪,完成桥面点云数据采集工作。进行了三种模拟变形量点云数据采集,及初始状态点云数据和实验完成后状态点云数据,总共获得五组试验数据。点云数据分析采用美国Geomagic公司出品的逆向工程校核软件Geomagic Qualify完成,两两对比试验数据,得到两组数据之间的模拟变形量值,并与理论值进行对比,发现三维激光扫描数据处理结果与理论值比较接近,说明将三维激光扫描技术用于桥梁变形检测具有一定的可行性。实验结果表明,高精度三维激光扫描仪在桥面平扫(天顶距85°~95°)工况下,能够反映出3mm以上的竖向挠度变形。这一精度基本可用于柔性桥梁的挠度观测,以及部分大跨径梁桥的荷载试验条件下的挠度观测。三维激光扫描技术用于桥梁变形检测具有一定的应用前景,对三维激光扫描技术用于生产实践具有一定参考价值和现实意义。
[Abstract]:At the beginning of 17th century, the invention and application of telescope played a great role in the development of surveying technology. The invention of aircraft in 1903 promoted the development of aerial photogrammetry technology. In 1964, GPS was put into use, which brought about a technological revolution in the field of surveying and mapping. Three-dimensional laser scanning technology is a newly developed surveying and mapping technology developed in the past ten years. It has been praised as "another technological revolution in the field of surveying and mapping after GPS technology". This technique can obtain object point cloud data with high accuracy, fast and contactless, and reconstruct 3D spatial model of scanned object. It is the most efficient method to obtain spatial data. Introduction of emerging technologies can often promote the development of the industry. This paper describes the research and application of 3D laser scanning technology at home and abroad, analyzes the principle and error theory of 3D laser scanning technology, and compares the differences and advantages between 3D laser scanning technology and traditional measurement methods. According to the fact that the 3D laser scanning technology is applied to bridge deformation detection in few cases and "bridge surface science" at present, this paper studies the application of 3D laser scanning technology in bridge deformation detection. Bridge deformation detection is an essential measure to maintain the normal use of bridges during operation. The traditional bridge deformation detection generally adopts the total station instrument, the level instrument and so on, the related application thought, the method and the theory all have matured, has formed the corresponding technical theory system and the profession standard. As a new technology, 3D laser scanning technology has its unique advantages and functions, but it still has a long way to go when it is widely used in bridge deformation detection. The main results are as follows: most of the research on 3D laser scanning technology is focused on the bridge deck scanning data used in the bridge rapid building modeling, rarely used in bridge deck deformation detection and analysis, in addition to the accuracy of theoretical and experimental research is also less. In this paper, the feasibility of using 3D laser scanning technique to detect the vertical deformation of bridge deck is studied by theoretical research and field simulation test. In this paper, the basic principle and method of 3D laser scanning are studied from the perspective of application, and the data acquisition flow and data processing flow of external point cloud are introduced in detail. Using the Nova MS50 3D laser scanner provided by Leica Corporation, the data acquisition of the bridge deck point cloud is completed. Three kinds of simulated deformation point cloud data were collected, and the initial state point cloud data and the state point cloud data after the experiment were completed. Five groups of experimental data were obtained. The point cloud data analysis is completed by Geomagic Qualify, a reverse engineering checking software produced by Geomagic Company of the United States. The simulated deformation values between the two groups of data are obtained and compared with the theoretical values. It is found that the results of 3D laser scanning data processing are close to the theoretical values, which indicates that it is feasible to apply 3D laser scanning technology to bridge deformation detection. The experimental results show that the high precision 3D laser scanner can reflect the vertical deflection above 3mm under the condition of bridge deck scanning (zenith distance 85 掳~ 95 掳). This precision can be applied to the deflection observation of flexible bridges and to the deflection observation of some long-span beam bridges under load test. Three-dimensional laser scanning technology has a certain application prospect in bridge deformation detection, and it has certain reference value and practical significance for the application of three-dimensional laser scanning technology in production practice.
【学位授予单位】：重庆交通大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：U446

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