城市轨道交通长大隧道区间火灾安全疏散问题研究

发布时间：2018-06-28 18:44

本文选题：长大隧道区间 + 火灾疏散　；参考：《北京交通大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：安全是城市轨道交通系统发展中的恒久主题。关于地铁火灾疏散问题,虽然国内外有很多相关的研究,但大多都是对于地铁车站的疏散进行仿真研究,而对于隧道内乘客的疏散问题相较于车站研究较少,对于运营中同时存在三列车的长大隧道区间,由于工程上没有先例,这方面的研究则更为罕见。随着地铁新线建设数量的增加,困难地段将逐渐增多,未来会出现更多的长大隧道区间。因此本文研究如何解决地铁长大隧道区间发生火灾时的安全疏散问题。本文依据北京地铁17号线工程实际情况中存在的两段长大隧道区间,基于人员疏散的随机性,将人员疏散时间、速度的极值分布模型与火灾数值模拟计算软件FDS结合,建立长大隧道区间火灾情况下行动最慢人员逃生概率模型。本文的研究工作主要有以下几个部分:(1)研究地铁火灾发生的原因、特性以及疏散救援措施,总结国内外相关标准和文献中对隧道火灾研究的现有成果。(2)提出风井分隔长大隧道区间三列车的计算方法作为本文研究的基础,且分析当隧道内同时存在三列车时,发生火灾情况下处于最不利位置的列车,对处于最不利位置的列车不同车厢发生火灾情况下的通风选择方案与疏散组织方案进行研究。(3)应用FDS火灾数值模拟计算软件,通过对火灾数值计算模型的建立,得到长大隧道区间发生火灾情况下可用安全时间的计算方法。同时基于人员疏散行为的随机性,将疏散过程分为三个阶段,应用GEV极值分布对第一、第二阶段的人员疏散时间进行拟合,应用Gumble极值分布对第三阶段的人员疏散速度进行拟合,采用蒙特卡洛算法求解上述拟合结果得出人员总疏散时间样本,最终结合本文所提出的安全疏散准则,建立火灾中行动最慢人员的逃生概率模型。(4)结合北京地铁17号线实际情况,根据列车运行曲线计算区间风井位置,运用FDS模拟计算两种工况下的火灾实验,分析实验数据,得到对应工况下人员可用安全时间。同时利用Matlab实现蒙特卡洛算法,得到最不利列车火灾情况下的人员必需疏散时间样本。最后应用数理统计方法对可用安全时间与必需疏散时间进行分析,计算不同联络通道间距下,行动最慢人员的逃生概率,分析得出最优联络通道间距以及联络通道宽度。本文从工程实际出发,研究同时存在三列车的长大隧道区间,在国内地铁工程实例中无先例可循,这是本文的创新点之一。将目前广泛应用于金融、气象、环境和信息等领域的极值分布理论运用在火灾人员疏散时间及速度的建模中,并将此与火灾数值模拟结合建立了行动最慢人员的逃生概率模型,这是本文的创新点之二。本文研究结论可为今后地铁隧道安全设计提供依据。
[Abstract]:Safety is a constant theme in the development of urban rail transit system. Although there are a lot of related researches at home and abroad, most of them are simulation studies on subway station evacuation, but there is less research on the evacuation of passengers in the tunnel than at the station. Since there is no engineering precedent for the long tunnel section with three trains in operation, the research on this aspect is even rarer. As the number of subway new lines increases, the number of difficult areas will gradually increase, and there will be more long tunnels in the future. Therefore, this paper studies how to solve the problem of safe evacuation in the long tunnel fire. Based on the randomness of evacuation, this paper combines the extreme distribution model of evacuation time and velocity with the fire numerical simulation software FDS. The escape probability model of the slowest action personnel in the long tunnel interval fire was established. The main work of this paper is as follows: (1) study the causes, characteristics and evacuation measures of subway fire. This paper summarizes the relevant standards at home and abroad and the existing achievements in the study of tunnel fire. (2) the calculation method of the three trains in the long tunnel section separated by air wells is proposed as the basis of this study, and the analysis is made when there are three trains in the tunnel at the same time. The ventilation selection scheme and evacuation organization scheme of the train in the most disadvantageous position under different train compartments fire are studied. (3) the FDS fire numerical simulation software is used. By establishing the numerical model of fire, the method of calculating the available safe time in the case of fire in the long tunnel is obtained. At the same time, based on the randomness of evacuation behavior, the evacuation process is divided into three stages. The GEV extreme value distribution is used to fit the evacuation time of the first and second stages. The Gumble extreme distribution is used to fit the evacuation velocity of the third stage, and the Monte Carlo algorithm is used to solve the above fitting results. The total evacuation time sample is obtained. Finally, the safety evacuation criterion proposed in this paper is combined. The escape probability model of the slowest action personnel in the fire is established. (4) according to the actual situation of Beijing Metro Line 17, the location of the air shaft in the interval is calculated according to the train running curve, the fire experiment under two conditions is simulated and calculated by FDS, and the experimental data are analyzed. The available safety time of personnel under corresponding working conditions is obtained. At the same time, the Monte Carlo algorithm is implemented by Matlab, and the necessary evacuation time sample is obtained under the worst train fire condition. Finally, the available safe time and necessary evacuation time are analyzed by mathematical statistics method, and the escape probability of the slowest action personnel under different contact channel spacing is calculated, and the optimal contact channel spacing and the contact channel width are obtained. Based on the engineering practice, this paper studies the existence of a long tunnel section with three trains, and there is no precedent in the domestic subway project. This is one of the innovative points of this paper. The extreme value distribution theory, which is widely used in the fields of finance, meteorology, environment and information, is applied to the modeling of evacuation time and speed of fire personnel, and the escape probability model of the slowest action personnel is established by combining this with numerical simulation of fire. This is the second innovation of this paper. The conclusion of this paper can provide the basis for the safety design of subway tunnel in the future.
【学位授予单位】：北京交通大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：U458.1

【参考文献】