基于三维激光扫描的桥梁检测技术应用研究

发布时间：2018-10-31 16:10

【摘要】：近二十年来,交通运输事业得到了巨大的发展,我国的桥梁建设进入了“建养并重”的可持续发展道路,在实际工作中发现,有相当一部分旧桥存在资料缺失或资料不全的状况,特别是跨铁路、跨河等复杂条件下的简支梁桥。如何对缺少设计资料、图纸的桥梁结构进行检测并对其当前使用表现做出评价是急需解决的实际工程问题。三维激光扫描是一项新兴的测绘技术,它借助三维激光扫描设备对待测物进行完整的空间扫描和建模,进而获得空间及表面信息。和传统的测量技术相比,三维激光扫描技术具有实时性强、数据量大、数字性强和交互性好等特点。三维激光扫描技术的应用前景巨大,在跨河、跨谷及高空桥梁结构的检测中已经进行了应用并取得了不错的效果,然而在桥梁检测,尤其是缺失设计资料旧桥的检测中的应用颇少,本文基于旧桥检测的基本原理及流程,采用三维激光扫描技术对桥梁结构进行预先扫描试验,为桥检静力荷载试验提供模型尺寸、混凝土强度等关键设计参数,旨在提出一种新型、方便、准确的旧桥检测方法,为三维激光扫描技术在旧桥检测中的应用提供理论上的参考依据。本文的研究内容如下:(1)基于我国大量的缺少设计资料的旧桥待检测难题,总结了我国当前旧桥检测方法手段,包括有损、无损检测措施对基本设计资料的恢复方法和桥梁检测中的静载试验过程,阐述了三维激光扫描技术的基本原理、分类、技术特点、测量步骤和数据处理流程。(2)三维激光扫描技术自动化程度高、工作效率出色,且可以实现多点测定,但其误差源较多,且由于仪器本身构造的原因也存在不同的扫描误差,文章对三维激光扫描仪器自身构造及数据处理过程中的误差进行分析,并与传统的水准仪、全站仪等大地测绘仪器进行比较,研究其用于变形检测的可行性。(3)通过室外简支梁挠度的三维激光扫描试验对三维激光扫描技术的实际操作过程、数据的采集和处理过程进行详细地介绍,并采用位移计和数值计算法对实际变形进行测定和计算,评价三维激光扫描仪的精度和测定效果。(4)基于室外试验基础,文章系统地总结了三维激光扫描技术应用于实际对于无设计资料的旧桥检测的应用流程,并通过一个实桥检测算例来演示三维激光扫描的实际应用过程。研究表明,三维激光扫描技术可以应用到无资料旧桥的变形检测中,包括模型几何尺寸的精确扫描,无设计资料桥梁的弹性模量的确定以及在桥梁挠度检测中的使用。特别是跨河、跨铁路等复杂条件下的桥梁检测,采用高精度的三维激光扫描仪并保证适当的检测距离,可以达到传统全站仪、水准仪的检测精度,且具有交互性好、多点测定等突出优势,可以更准确的进行有限元建模,为更快、更准确地桥架检测提供帮助。
[Abstract]:In the past two decades, the transportation industry has been greatly developed, and the bridge construction in our country has entered the sustainable development road of "building and supporting both" and has been found in the actual work. There are quite a few old bridges with missing or incomplete data, especially simply supported girder bridges under complex conditions such as cross railway, river crossing and so on. How to detect and evaluate the current performance of bridge structures without design data and drawings is a practical engineering problem that needs to be solved urgently. Three-dimensional laser scanning is a new technology of surveying and mapping. It uses three-dimensional laser scanning equipment to complete the spatial scanning and modeling of the object, and then obtains the spatial and surface information. Compared with the traditional measurement technology, 3D laser scanning technology has the characteristics of real time, large amount of data, strong digitalization and good interaction. The application prospect of 3D laser scanning technology is great. It has been used in the detection of bridge structure across river, valley and high altitude. However, it has achieved good results in bridge detection. Especially, the application of the missing design data in the detection of the old bridge is very few. Based on the basic principle and flow of the old bridge detection, the 3D laser scanning technique is used to carry out the pre-scanning test of the bridge structure. The key design parameters, such as model size, concrete strength and so on, are provided for the static load test of bridges. The purpose of this paper is to put forward a new, convenient and accurate testing method for old bridges. It provides a theoretical reference for the application of 3D laser scanning technology in the detection of old bridges. The main contents of this paper are as follows: (1) based on the large number of existing bridge detection problems in China which lack of design data, this paper summarizes the current detection methods and means of old bridges in China, including damage. The restoration method of the basic design data and the static load test process in the bridge detection by nondestructive testing measures are described. The basic principle, classification and technical characteristics of the 3D laser scanning technology are described. (2) 3D laser scanning technology has high automation, excellent work efficiency, and can realize multi-point measurement, but its error sources are many. Because of the different scanning error of the instrument itself, this paper analyzes the error of the 3D laser scanning instrument in its own construction and data processing process, and compares with the traditional level instrument. Compared with other geodetic surveying and mapping instruments such as total station, the feasibility of using them for deformation detection is studied. (3) the practical operation process of 3D laser scanning technology is studied through three-dimensional laser scanning test of deflection of outdoor simply supported beam. The process of data acquisition and processing is introduced in detail, and the actual deformation is measured and calculated by means of displacement meter and numerical calculation method. The accuracy and effect of 3D laser scanner are evaluated. (4) based on outdoor test, This paper systematically summarizes the application flow of 3D laser scanning technology applied to the detection of old bridges without design data, and demonstrates the practical application process of 3D laser scanning by a real bridge detection example. The results show that the 3D laser scanning technique can be applied to the deformation detection of the old bridge without data, including the precise scanning of the geometric dimension of the model, the determination of the elastic modulus of the bridge without the design data, and the application in the deflection detection of the bridge. Especially for bridge detection under complex conditions, such as river crossing and railway crossing, using high precision 3D laser scanner and ensuring proper detection distance, the detection accuracy of traditional total station and level instrument can be achieved, and it has good interactivity. The advantages of multi-point measurement can be used to model the finite element more accurately and to provide help for faster and more accurate bridge detection.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：U446

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