全尺寸船舶机舱火灾烟气填充及控制技术研究

发布时间：2018-12-17 01:57

【摘要】：船舶火灾是船舶海难事故中危害性较大的一种事故,是船舶安全研究的重大课题。船舶火灾可发生在机舱、货舱、客舱和甲板等含可燃物的位置,其中机舱、货舱和客舱属于封闭腔室火灾,火灾烟气的危险性较大,疏散困难。而机舱内的可燃物的危险性远大于货舱和客舱,是船舶火灾的最常见也是研究最多的火灾模式。由于机舱火灾的复杂性和特殊性,研究者们对机舱火灾发展过程认识不足,机舱火灾烟气控制技术发展缓慢。因此对船舶机舱内火灾烟气运动和控制技术进行研究具有重要意义。本论文在22m(长)× 12m(宽)× 14m(高)的实验舱内开展了烟气自然填充实验和烟气控制实验,烟气自然填充实验研究不同火灾规模和不同火源位置的烟气运动规律,机械排烟控制实验研究了送风口位置、排烟风机启动时间以及排烟风机排烟量大小对烟气控制效果的影响。本论文测量的参数有燃料的质量损失速率、舱室内烟气温度以及舱室内烟气的沉降时间,得出以下几点结论:通过分析不同火灾规模、不同火源位置的对烟气沉降和舱室烟气温度的影响,发现舱室内烟气温度随着火源功率的增大而增大,烟气沉降速率随着火源功率的增大而加快,当火源功率较小时,顶棚温度较低,喷淋的喷头无法启动。当火源被移至墙边时舱室内的温度和烟气沉降的速率都降低;火源被抬升4m后,顶棚温度较高,消防喷头能启动,烟气的卷吸高度降低,烟气产生减少,烟气沉降速率变慢,烟气稳定在8m高度,火源抬升后对地面的工作人员疏散有利。实验舱室内设置有不同尺寸的填充物,发展了有填充物舱室的烟气沉降时间的预测模型,与前人推导的烟气沉降模型对比,发现本文推导的模型能更准确的预测烟气沉降的时间。通过分析送风口位置、风机启动时间和排烟量对烟气控制的影响,发现送风口在1.5m高度时烟气控制效果较差,送风促进燃料燃烧,加速烟气的沉降;送风口在5m高度时,火焰发生倾斜,送风对燃烧有冷却作用,控烟效果较好;送风口在9.5m高度时,对烟气层有冷却效果。对比点火后立即开启风机和点火90s之后开启风机,风机立即开启,烟气沉降较慢,火灾发生后,应尽早开启风机。通过对排烟量的大小对控烟效果的分析,可知排烟效果并不是一直随着风量的增加而变好,当排烟量从34.57m3/s增至47.11m3/s,温度降低的幅度不大,部分测点温度没有变化,烟气沉降的变化也不大,最佳排烟量是34.57m3/s。
[Abstract]:Ship fire is one of the most harmful accidents in marine accidents, and it is an important subject of ship safety research. Ship fire can occur in the position of combustible contents such as cabin cargo cabin passenger cabin and deck etc. The cabin cargo cabin and cabin belong to closed chamber fire smoke is dangerous and it is difficult to evacuate. The danger of combustible matter in engine room is much greater than that of cargo cabin and passenger cabin, which is the most common and studied fire mode of ship fire. Because of the complexity and particularity of engine room fire, the researchers do not know enough about the development process of engine room fire, and the development of engine room fire smoke control technology is slow. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the motion and control technology of fire smoke in ship engine room. In this paper, the natural fume filling experiment and the smoke control experiment were carried out in the 22m (length) 脳 12m (width) 脳 14m (high) experimental cabin. The smoke movement laws of different fire scale and different fire source location were studied by the smoke natural filling experiment. The effects of the location of the air outlet, the start-up time of the exhaust fan and the exhaust volume of the exhaust fan on the smoke control effect were studied experimentally. The parameters measured in this paper include fuel mass loss rate, indoor flue gas temperature and settling time of indoor flue gas. The conclusions are as follows: by analyzing different fire scale, It is found that the flue gas temperature increases with the increase of the fire source power, and the smoke deposition rate increases with the increase of the fire source power, when the power of the fire source is small, the influence of different fire source locations on the smoke deposition and the chamber flue gas temperature is found. Roof temperature is low, spray nozzle can not start. When the fire source is moved to the wall, the temperature in the cabin and the rate of smoke deposition decrease; After the fire source is raised 4 m, the roof temperature is higher, the fire sprinkler can start up, the smoke entrainment height is decreased, the flue gas produces the decrease, the flue gas subsidence rate becomes slow, the flue gas is stabilized at the height of 8 m, the fire source uplift is advantageous to the ground staff evacuation. There are different sizes of fillers in the laboratory chamber, and the prediction model of smoke settling time of the chamber with filler is developed, which is compared with the smoke settlement model derived by predecessors. It is found that the model derived in this paper can predict the time of flue gas subsidence more accurately. By analyzing the influence of the location of the air outlet, the start time of the fan and the amount of exhaust gas on the flue gas control, it is found that the flue gas control effect is poor at 1.5 m height, and the air supply promotes the combustion of fuel and accelerates the settling of the flue gas. When the tuyere is at a height of 5m, the flame is inclined, the air supply has cooling effect on the combustion, and the smoke control effect is better, while at the height of 9.5 m, the air supply has cooling effect on the flue gas layer. In contrast, the fan should be opened immediately after ignition and 90 s after ignition. The fan should be opened as soon as possible, and the smoke subsidence is slow, and the fan should be opened as soon as possible after the fire occurs. By analyzing the effect of smoke control by the amount of exhaust smoke, we can see that the effect of smoke exhaust is not always better with the increase of air volume. When the amount of smoke exhaust is increased from 34.57m3/s to 47.11m3 / s, the decrease in temperature is not significant. There was no change in the temperature of some measuring points and no change in smoke deposition. The best smoke discharge was 34.57m3 / s.
【学位授予单位】：中国科学技术大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：U698.4

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