广州市典型室内环境空气中细颗粒物污染特征研究与人群暴露风险评估

发布时间：2018-01-04 08:38

本文关键词：广州市典型室内环境空气中细颗粒物污染特征研究与人群暴露风险评估　出处：《兰州交通大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：细颗粒物(PM2.5)具有粒径小、比表面积大、易富集有毒有害物质以及长期存在,且在环境空气中的含量变化大等特点,PM2.5可通过呼吸方式进入到肺部甚至心脑血管中而严重危害人体健康,因此有关的PM2.5浓度、污染特征以及人群暴露风险的研究日益受到国内外学者的广泛关注。现在社会中人们80%以上的时间都在室内度过,有统计显示某些室内环境空气中PM2.5浓度可能远超过室外,因而室内细颗粒物的污染水平与人体健康更加息息相关。我国城市空气存在PM2.5污染严重、人群暴露和健康风险评价不清晰、防控能力薄弱等问题,关于PM2.5污染的研究成为大气污染防治中的热点课题,但鲜少有关于公共室内中PM2.5污染特征、对人体危害程度的深入探究。本研究通过问卷调查方式获得了广州市城区人群时间-活动模式与健康信息,并筛选出具有典型性的室内微环境,分析监测了六种典型室内环境空气中PM2.5浓度变化,分析并讨论了典型室内细颗粒物的污染特征及其理化特性,评估了典型室内环境空气中多环芳烃(PAHs)通过呼吸暴露过程导致的人体健康风险。研究主要结论如下:1.根据调查问卷结果,结合调查人群在室内度过的时间比例,筛选确定用于监测的典型室内环境,即吸烟办公室、打印办公室、住宅、多人办公室、单人办公室、实验室。2.研究中典型室内环境空气中PM2.5浓度范围为18.75~121.11μg·m-3,室外浓度范围是55.09~87.04μg·m-3;天气状况稳定时,周末的外出活动会使室外PM2.5浓度显著升高。吸烟办公室与打印办公室内PM2.5平均浓度分别是日均浓度限值的1.48倍和1.35,污染程度较重,建议采取加强通风、控制室内源的排放等措施来减少污染。3.研究测得OC/EC与水溶性离子是PM2.5的主要组成成分,所占比例较大,分别为17.27~41.58%与6.91~23.80%,由OC/EC比值分析得出实验室与单人办公室中存在着活跃的二次污染过程。水溶性离子占PM2.5浓度的6.91~23.80%,其中浓度最高的SO42-占总离子的20.16~62.37%,三种亲水性较强离子之和占总离子浓度的77.24~89.56%,由SO42-、NO3-、Na+、Cl-、K+良好的相关系数分析它们可能来自相同的固定污染源。4.室内PM2.5中金属元素平均浓度顺序为:FeZnAlVAsMnCrPbSeSbNiCd,所有样品的As元素浓度超标严重,Pb含量低于平均浓度限值。运用相关分析和主成分分析表明大部分元素之间都具有明显的相关性,金属元素来源于周围的工业区、交通源以及燃烧源。PM2.5中多环芳烃的浓度范围为0.38~8.57ng·m-3,且低环多环芳烃占绝大部分,其中Acy、Ace、DahA单体均为检出,Phe、Ant、BaA少量检出。通过多环芳烃化合物比值粗略判断室内环境主要受煤燃烧源与石油类燃烧源影响,室外大气中主要存在煤燃烧源影响。5.研究中参照EPA推荐的毒性当量法测得典型室内PAHs的毒性当量范围为0.0004~0.6218ng·m-3,人群的风险值范围为8.12×10-9~1.33×10-5,属于可接受范围。参考暴露手册,估算出典型室内空气中PAHs通过呼吸暴露对人群造成的预期寿命损失,打印办公室最高达82.92min,室外为5.67min。由于人群、地区、个人生活、饮食习惯等巨大差异,研究中的估算结果可能会与我国人群的实际情况存在一定差异,这也增加了只通过呼吸暴露导致的终生致癌风险评估的不确定性,因此本研究可视为对广州市典型室内环境中人体通过呼吸暴露所致的PAHs健康风险的初步评估。
[Abstract]:Fine particles (PM2.5) with small particle size, large surface area, easy accumulation of toxic and harmful substances and exist for a long time, and the content changes in ambient air and so on, PM2.5 can breathe into the lungs and cardiovascular and serious harm to human health, because of the concentration of PM2.5, the study of pollution the characteristics and population exposure risk has attracted wide attention of scholars at home and abroad. Now more than 80% people in the society of the time spent indoors, the statistics show that some indoor air PM2.5 concentration may be greater than the outdoor and indoor, because the level of fine particulate matter pollution and human health more closely. Our city air PM2.5 serious pollution, population exposure and health risk assessment is not clear, the problem of prevention and control capacity is weak, the research on PM2.5 pollution prevention and control of atmospheric pollution in a hot topic, but few A public indoor PM2.5 pollution characteristics, research on human harm degree of depth. This research has obtained the time - Guangzhou city residents activity patterns and health information through the questionnaire survey, and selected the typical indoor micro environment, monitoring and analysis of six kinds of typical PM2.5 concentration in indoor air environment change analysis and discusses the pollution characteristics of typical indoor fine particles and its physicochemical properties, the evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in typical indoor environment in the air (PAHs) exposure process leads to human health risk through breathing. The main research conclusions are as follows: 1. according to the results of the questionnaire survey, the proportion of time spent indoors with the crowd, screened for typical indoor environment monitoring, namely smoking in the office, printing office, residential, office people, single office, laboratory of.2. research in typical indoor environment in the air PM2.5 concentration Range 18.75~121.11 ~ g ~ M-3, outdoor concentration is in the range of 55.09~87.04 ~ g ~ M-3; the weather condition is stable, the weekend outing will make the outdoor PM2.5 concentration increased significantly. The office smoking in the office and printing PM2.5 average concentration are the limit value of daily average concentration of 1.48 times and 1.35, the pollution degree is heavy, recommended to strengthen the control of indoor ventilation, source emissions and other measures to reduce the pollution of OC/EC and.3. measured the water soluble ions is the main component of PM2.5, a larger proportion of 17.27~41.58% and 6.91~23.80%, respectively, by OC/EC ratio analysis there are two pollution processes active was out of the Office and laboratory single water soluble. The ion concentration of 6.91~23.80% PM2.5, one of the highest concentrations of SO42- total ion 20.16~62.37%, three kinds of hydrophilic ions and the total ion concentration of 77.24~89.56% by SO42-, NO3-, Na+, Cl-, K+ A good correlation coefficient to analysis their possible metal elements fixed pollution source.4. indoor PM2.5 from the same average concentration of the order: FeZnAlVAsMnCrPbSeSbNiCd, As concentration in all samples exceed the standard seriously, the Pb content is lower than the limit value of the average concentration. By using correlation analysis and principal component analysis showed that most of the elements have obvious correlation between metal elements from. Around the industrial district, traffic source and source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in combustion.PM2.5 concentration range of 0.38~8.57ng M-3, and the low ring PAHs accounted for most of them, Acy, Ace, DahA monomer were detected, Phe, Ant, BaA. A small amount of detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by the ratio of roughly determine the indoor environment is mainly affected by coal combustion the source of petroleum and combustion sources, the effect of.5. coal combustion source recommended by EPA TEQ measured by PAHs are the typical indoor outdoor atmosphere The toxic equivalent range of 0.0004~0.6218ng - M-3, the risk of value was in the range of 8.12 * 10-9~1.33 * 10-5, which belongs to the range of acceptable exposure. Reference manual, PAHs estimated the typical indoor air through the respiratory exposure caused by the loss of life expectancy of the population, up to 82.92min printing office, outside the 5.67min. area because of the crowd, and personal life eating habits, great differences in the study of the estimation results, there may be some difference with the actual situation of China's population, which also increased only by exposure to respiratory cancer risk assessment of uncertainty, so this research can be regarded as a preliminary assessment of the typical human indoor environment in Guangzhou city by PAHs respiratory health risk exposure by.

【学位授予单位】：兰州交通大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：X513;X823

【共引文献】