水稻镉污染防控钝化剂和叶面阻控剂的研究与应用

发布时间：2019-06-03 11:57

【摘要】：矿区的过度开采、工业废渣的长期堆积,含镉污水灌溉农田以及不合格化肥农药的大量使用等使得我国农田镉污染日益严重,农产品品质及安全堪忧。水稻作为我国第一大粮食作物,年种植面积非常大,保证其安全生产是十分重要和迫切的任务。市场上“镉米”的输出对人类健康造成了重大威胁,控制水稻(Oryza sativa L.)镉污染,降低大米镉含量刻不容缓。为了将稻米镉含量控制在国家食品卫生安全标准限定值以内,本研究筛选出了几种重金属钝化剂,开发了几种叶面阻控剂,并通过盆栽实验和大田试验探究其对土壤有效镉、糙米镉积累及水稻产量的调控效果。主要结果如下:1.在土壤盆栽条件下,研究了两种类型的土壤(棕红壤和灰潮土)上施用不同钝化剂对水稻吸收积累镉的影响。筛选出的四种土壤钝化剂(Si钝化剂,SG钝化剂,FA钝化剂,FM钝化剂)都起到了降低盆栽水稻糙米镉含量和积累量的作用,但其作用效果因土壤类型和水稻品种的不同而异。低量(0.15%~0.30%)四种钝化剂使棕红壤和灰潮土上早稻糙米镉含量分别降低26.75%~63.81%和41.68%~53.38%,镉积累量分别降低36.50%~65.60%和30.77%~52.52%;但早稻糙米中镉含量还不能达到国家食品安全卫生标准。中量(0.50%~1.00%)的钝化剂Si、SG和FA能使棕红壤上晚稻糙米镉含量分别降低74.33%、55.85%、31.78%,积累量分别降低73.83%、40.37%、23.74%;灰潮土上晚稻糙米镉含量分别降低72.25%、49.05%、27.38%,积累量分别降低71.71%、44.16%、16.53%;以上三种钝化剂处理的晚稻糙米镉含量均满足国家食品卫生安全标准。四种钝化剂对糙米镉含量的降低效果均为:Si钝化剂SG钝化剂FA钝化剂FM钝化剂。2.研究了施用钝化剂降低水稻镉积累的机制。研究发现,土壤重金属钝化机制是降低土壤中镉的生物有效性。主要是通过将土壤中可交换态镉转化为残渣态来降低土壤中有效态镉的含量,从而使得由土壤向水稻转移的镉变少。钝化剂影响水稻镉积累的机制可能为提高水稻抗氧化胁迫能力与降低脂质过氧化程度。Si、SG和FA钝化剂能缓解低镉污染下棕红壤上水稻的脂质过氧化程度。Si和FM钝化剂能提高灰潮土上水稻抗氧化系统酶活性。在这两种土壤上施加Si钝化剂处理后,可溶性蛋白含量都要高于对照。3.研究了不同叶面阻控剂降低大米镉含量的效果。结果发现,本实验所有的叶面阻控剂都能降低糙米镉含量,但不同的叶面阻控剂在同一水稻品种上的效果存在极显著差异,同一种叶面阻控剂在不同水稻品种上也存在差异。经叶面喷施处理的早稻糙米镉含量和积累量分别降低24.34%~58.21%和28.43%~65.59%;晚稻糙米镉含量和积累量的分别降低9.61%~88.72%和7.27%~88.30%。晚稻盆栽试验中,除CK2(对照)和ACNP处理的糙米镉含量大于0.20mg/kg外,其余处理的晚稻糙米镉含量都低于国家食品安全卫生标准限定值。叶面阻控剂SS1、SS2和SS3在两种水稻上都表现出较好的效果。4.研究了叶面阻控剂降低大米镉含量的机制。结果表明,所研发的叶面阻控剂大多数能有效的缓解低镉环境下水稻的脂质过氧化程度。棕红壤盆栽除XPN和ACNP处理外,其余处理水稻剑叶MDA和GSH含量均低于对照;MDA下降量达到对照的3.35%~29.81%,GSH下降量达到对照的0.50%~28.94%;所有处理中除CK2外,其他处理SOD活性均高于对照。5.本研究所筛选和开发的钝化剂和叶面阻控剂均未对水稻产量产生不良影响,其中钝化剂Si、SG、FA施用后对水稻产量的增加有促进作用,叶面阻控剂SS3和CK3明显提高了水稻产量。6.大田晚稻试验结果表明,基肥或叶面肥施用能使水稻糙米镉含量下降24.58%~62.07%。两倍剂量的叶面阻控剂SP1一次喷施效果好于分两次喷施,这两者的效果都要好于一次喷施1倍剂量SP1;叶面阻控剂SZSP2不如叶面阻控剂SP1和叶面阻控剂SZSP3有效;固体肥料的基施和叶面喷施共同作用能达到更好的调控效果。7.大田早稻试验结果表明,叶面阻控剂SS1、SS3、SA、PA、DXZ都能降低糙米镉含量,降低量达1.78%~20.66%。5种叶面阻控剂控制早稻稻米镉含量效果由好到差依次为SS1≈SS3DXZ≈PASA。
[Abstract]:The excessive exploitation of the mining area, the long-term accumulation of the industrial waste residue, the large-scale use of the non-qualified chemical fertilizer and the pesticide, etc., have caused the pollution of the farmland to become more and more serious, the quality of the agricultural products and the safety and worry. As the first major food crop in China, the planting area of rice is very large, and it is very important and urgent to ensure its safe production. The output of "Semen Oryzae Sativae" on the market poses a major threat to human health, controlling the pollution of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and reducing the content of rice. In ord to control that content of rice to be within the limit of the national food hygiene safety standard, several heavy metal deactivators were selected, several leaf-leaf control agents were developed, and the effect of the control agent on the soil was studied by pot experiment and field experiment. The control effect of the rice yield and the accumulation of the brown rice and the yield of the rice. The main results are as follows:1. The effects of different deactivators on the uptake and accumulation of rice were studied under the condition of soil pot culture. The four types of soil deactivator (Si deactivator, SG deactivator, FA deactivator and FM deactivator) were used to reduce the content and the accumulation of the brown rice in the pot, but the effect of the four kinds of soil deactivators (Si deactivator, SG deactivator, FA deactivator and FM deactivator) varied with the soil type and the rice variety. The low content (0.15% ~ 0.30%) of four deactivators decreased the content of brown rice and brown rice in the brown red soil and the ash-free soil by 26.75% ~ 63.81% and 41.68% ~ 53.38%, respectively, and the accumulation of the brown rice decreased by 36.50% ~ 65.60% and 30.77% ~ 52.52%, respectively; however, the content of rice in the early rice brown rice could not reach the national food safety standard. The deactivator Si, SG and FA in the middle (0.50% ~ 1.00%) decreased the content of brown rice in the brown red soil by 74.33%, 55.85%, 31.78%, respectively, and the accumulation of brown rice decreased by 73.83%, 40.37% and 23.74%, respectively. The content of brown rice in the late rice was reduced by 72.25%, 49.05% and 27.38%, respectively. The accumulated amount of rice was 71.71%, 44.16% and 16.53%, respectively. The effect of four deactivators on the content of brown rice is as follows: The mechanism of application of deactivator to reduce the accumulation of rice in rice was studied. It is found that the mechanism of heavy metal passivation in soil is to reduce the biological effectiveness of soil in soil. The content of active carbon in the soil is reduced by converting the exchangeable state of the soil into a residue state, so that the amount of soil to be transferred from the soil to the rice is reduced. The mechanism of deactivator to influence the accumulation of rice in rice may be to improve the ability of anti-oxidative stress of rice and reduce the degree of lipid peroxidation. Si, SG and FA deactivator can reduce the level of lipid peroxidation of rice in the brown red soil under low oxygen pollution. Si and FM deactivator can improve the enzyme activity of the anti-oxidation system of paddy soil. After the application of Si deactivator on both soil, the content of soluble protein was higher than that of the control. The effect of different leaf-leaf control agents on the content of rice in rice was studied. The results showed that all the leaf-leaf control agents in the experiment can reduce the content of brown rice, but the effect of different leaf-leaf control agents on the same rice variety is very different, and the same kind of leaf surface-control agent is also different in different rice varieties. The content and accumulation of brown rice in early rice were decreased by 24.34% ~ 58.21% and 28.43% ~ 65.59%, respectively. The content and accumulation of brown rice in late rice decreased by 9.61% ~ 88.72% and 7.27% ~ 88.30%, respectively. In the pot experiment of late rice, the content of brown rice with the exception of CK2 (control) and ACNP was higher than that of 0.20 mg/ kg, and the content of the remaining treated rice in late rice was lower than that of the national food safety standard. The leaf-leaf control agents SS1, SS2 and SS3 showed a good effect on both types of rice. The mechanism of reducing the content of rice in rice was studied. The results showed that most of the R & D control agents can effectively relieve the lipid peroxidation of rice in low-pressure environment. Compared with XPN and ACNP, the content of MDA and GSH in the remaining treated rice was lower than that of the control group, the decrease of MDA reached 3.35% ~ 29.81% of the control, and the decrease of GSH reached 0.50% ~ 28.94% of the control; in all the treatments, the activity of SOD was higher than that of the control. The passivator and leaf surface-control agent for screening and development of the research institute have no adverse effects on the yield of rice, and the application of the deactivator, Si, SG and FA, can promote the yield of rice, and the leaf-control agent SS3 and CK3 obviously improve the yield of rice. The results of the experiment show that the application of base fertilizer or leaf fertilizer can decrease the content of rice brown rice by 24.58% ~ 62.07%. The effect of the two doses of the leaf surface-control agent SP1 is better than that of the two-dose spraying, and the effect of both of the two spraying agents is better than that of the first-time spraying of the 1-fold dose of SP1; the leaf surface-control agent SZSP2 is not as effective as the leaf surface-control agent SP1 and the leaf surface-control agent SZSP3; The combined action of the base application and the leaf surface spraying of the solid fertilizer can achieve better regulation effect. The results of the experiment on the early rice of the field showed that the leaf surface-control agents, SS1, SS3, SA, PA and DXZ, can reduce the content of the brown rice, and the reduction amount is 1.78%-20.66%. The effect of the five leaf surface-control agents on the control of the rice yield of the early rice is from good to poor, and the difference is SS1 and SS3DXZ-PASA in turn.
【学位授予单位】：华中农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S511;X56

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