作物驯化和品种改良所选择的关键基因及其特点

发布时间：2018-09-05 07:50

【摘要】：近15~20年作物基因组学迅速发展,特别是第2代测序技术的普及,显著降低了测序成本,使单核苷酸多态性(SNP)分析和单元型区段(也称单倍型区段)分析渗透到生命科学的各个领域,对系统生物学、遗传学、种质资源学和育种学影响最为深刻,使其进入基因组学的全新时代。一批驯化选择基因的克隆,特别是对一些控制复杂性状形成的遗传基础及其调控机制的解析,更清晰地揭示了作物驯化和品种改良的历史,提升了人们对育种的认知,推动育种方法的改进。驯化和育种既有相似之处,也存在明显的差异。驯化选择常常发生在少数关键基因或位点,对基因的选择几乎是一步到位;而现代作物育种虽然只有100年左右的历史,但其对基因组影响更为强烈,是一些重要代谢途径不断优化的过程。随着生态环境或栽培条件的变化,育种选择目标基因(等位变异)会发生相应的变化或调整,因此对基因(等位变异)的选择是逐步的。此外,强烈的定向选择重塑了多倍体物种的基因组,使其亚基因组与供体种基因组明显不同。在群体水平上,系统分析驯化和育种在作物基因组和基因中留下的踪迹,凝炼其中的规律,将为品种改良和育种提供科学理论和指导,本文也简要介绍了"十三五"国家重点研发计划专项"主要农作物优异种质资源形成与演化规律"的基本研究思路。
[Abstract]:In recent 15 ~ 20 years, the rapid development of crop genomics, especially the popularization of the second generation sequencing technology, has significantly reduced the cost of sequencing. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (SNP) analysis and unit region (also known as haplotype) analysis have penetrated into all fields of life sciences and have the most profound impact on systems biology, genetics, germplasm resources and breeding. To usher in a new era of genomics. The cloning of a number of domestication and selection genes, especially the analysis of the genetic basis and regulatory mechanisms for the formation of some complex traits, reveals more clearly the history of crop acclimation and variety improvement, and promotes people's understanding of breeding. To promote the improvement of breeding methods. Domestication and breeding have both similarities and obvious differences. Domestication choices often occur in a small number of key genes or loci, and the selection of genes is almost one-step; modern crop breeding, though only about 100 years old, has a stronger impact on the genome. It is a process of continuous optimization of some important metabolic pathways. With the change of ecological environment or cultivation condition, the target gene (allelic variation) of breeding selection will change or adjust accordingly, so the selection of gene (allelic variation) is gradual. In addition, strong directional selection reshaped the genomes of polyploid species, making their subgenomes distinct from those of donor species. At the population level, systematic analysis of the traces left by domestication and breeding in crop genomes and genes, and condensation of the laws therein, will provide scientific theory and guidance for variety improvement and breeding. This paper also briefly introduces the basic research ideas of the National key R & D Program of the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan, "the formation and Evolution Law of Major crop excellent Germplasm Resources".
【作者单位】：中国农业科学院作物科学研究所;山西省农业科学院小麦研究所;
【基金】：国家重点研发计划专项(2016YFD0100300)资助~~
【分类号】：S33

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