清宫数学仪器研究

发布时间：2018-03-31 16:04

本文选题：清宫数学仪器　切入点：纳白尔筹　出处：《内蒙古师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：故宫博物院收藏的数学仪器,从时间上来说,基本制于17世纪前后。从种类上来说,可分为度量仪器和计算工具两大类。从来源上看,一部分由西方各国使团、传教士携来直接进献给康熙皇帝;一部分是由清宫造办处依据西洋数学仪器而制成的仿制品、改制品或研制品。本文以这些珍贵的科技遗存为主线,结合中外文献资料,系统地研究了清廷中西洋数学仪器的传入和制作情况,重点做了以下工作:1.以文献资料为线索,回顾了中国计算工具的历史沿革,梳理了明清之际西洋数学仪器中纳白尔筹、比例规、计算尺和帕斯卡计算机的传入情况,以及在民间的影响。2.论述了康熙帝对于西洋数学仪器的态度,通过相关的中外文献记载,印证数学仪器在清宫里的使用和制造。分类介绍了故宫现存的传入的西洋数学仪器,以及欧洲传教士输入清宫的西洋数学仪器制作原理。3.对清宫御制的数学仪器进行分类介绍,从技术的角度研究分析了清宫造办处对西洋数学仪器进行改制和研制的“本土化”过程。辨析这些在欧洲传教士参与下制作的数学仪器的历史地位和影响,以及以此反映出的中西科技、文化的交流。通过上述研究得出以下结论:1.故宫博物院收藏的清宫数学仪器基本制作于17世纪前后,说明清宫中数学仪器的引进与制作多发生于康熙年间。这与康熙皇帝的个人兴趣及其在清廷主持的数学与科学研究活动有直接关系,同时与入华法国耶稣会士与葡系耶稣会士的分庭抗礼也有密切联系。2.计算尺传入后并未像纳白尔筹和比例规一样引起重视,相关的文献记载很少。故宫的藏品中有一件铜镀金综合算尺,集合了甘特计算尺和绘图比例尺的尺度,经本文研究分析,认为该算尺是从外国传入的实物。这对甘特计算尺的传入提供了佐证。3.通过分析故宫珍藏的一批原始手摇计算机的原理和结构,认为清宫造办处是在参考了帕斯卡计算机原理的基础上,研制出了盘式手摇计算机;而筹式手摇计算机,则很可能是参考了佩蒂的算术圆筒或格里耶的袖珍计算机。且二者很可能制于同一时期。它们是当时欧洲新型计算工具传入中国的唯一实证,不仅罕见珍贵,而且具有极高的研究价值。4.清宫御制的这批原始手摇计算机,与同时期欧洲同类型的计算工具相比并不落后,甚至优于参考的原仪器。然而未能在民间推广普及,主要是实用性较低、人为限制、成本高昂、结构复杂等原因。
[Abstract]:The Palace Museum has a collection of mathematical instruments, which were basically made around the 17th century in time. In terms of types, they can be divided into two categories: measuring instruments and computing tools. The missionaries brought it directly to Emperor Kangxi; part of it was a imitation, modified or developed product made by the Office of the Qing Dynasty on the basis of Western mathematical instruments. This article takes these precious scientific and technological relics as the main line and combines the Chinese and foreign literature and materials. This paper systematically studies the introduction and manufacture of Western mathematical instruments in the Qing Dynasty, and focuses on the following work: 1.Based on the literature, this paper reviews the historical evolution of Chinese computing tools, and combs the Nabel chips in Western mathematical instruments during the Ming and Qing dynasties. The introduction of scale, calculation scale and Pascal computer, as well as the influence in the folk. 2.Discuss Emperor Kangxi's attitude towards Western mathematical instruments, recorded through relevant Chinese and foreign documents. Verification of the use and manufacture of mathematical instruments in the Qing palace. This paper classified and introduced the extant Western mathematical instruments in The Imperial Palace and the principles of making Western mathematical instruments imported by European missionaries into the Qing Palace. From the point of view of technology, this paper studies and analyzes the process of "localization" of western mathematical instruments made by the Office of the Qing Dynasty, and discriminates the historical status and influence of these mathematical instruments made with the participation of European missionaries. And the exchange of science, technology and culture between China and the West reflected in this way. Through the above research, we can draw the following conclusions: 1. The Palace Museum's collection of Qinggong mathematical instruments was basically made around the 17th century. It shows that the introduction and manufacture of mathematical instruments in the Qing Palace occurred during the Kangxi period. This is directly related to the personal interests of Emperor Kangxi and the mathematical and scientific research activities conducted by the Qing Dynasty. At the same time, there is also a close relationship with the competition between the French Jesuits and the Portuguese Jesuits in China .2.After the introduction of the ruler, it did not attract the same attention as Nabil and the scale rules. The collection of The Imperial Palace contains a copper gold-plated comprehensive scale, which combines the scales of the Gantt scale and the drawing scale, and is studied and analyzed in this paper. It is considered that the ruler is a material object imported from foreign countries. This provides evidence for the introduction of Gantt calculation ruler. By analyzing the principle and structure of a batch of primitive hand computers collected by The Imperial Palace, It is considered that the Qinggong office is based on the principle of Pascal computer, and developed the disk hand computer and the chip hand computer. Probably referring to Patty's arithmetic cylinder or Greer's pocket computer, and probably both of them at the same time. They were the only examples of the introduction of new European computing tools to China, and they were not only rare and precious. Moreover, the original handheld computers, which were made by the Qing Dynasty, were not lagging behind or even superior to the reference instruments compared with the same type of calculation tools in Europe during the same period. However, they failed to be popularized among the people. The main reasons are low practicability, artificial restriction, high cost, complex structure and so on.
【学位授予单位】：内蒙古师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：O11

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