runoff 的翻译结果

  本文关键词：基于GIS的黄土沟壑区两种尺度产流产沙数学模型研究与应用，由笔耕文化传播整理发布。

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runoff

     Study on Runoff and Water Balance Model under Mechanized Conservation Tillage for Dryland Farming

     旱地机械化保护性耕作径流与土壤水分平衡模型试验研究

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     Study on Chaos Theory's Application in Runoff Forecast

     混沌理论在径流预报中的应用研究

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     Study on the Urban Design Rainstorm and Rainfall Runoff Calculation Model

     城市设计暴雨及雨水径流计算模型研究

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     Influence of Pipe Flow to Surface Runoff in Granite Region Within Three-Gorges of Yangtze River

     长江三峡花岗岩区要地管流对地表径流的影响

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     Study on the Effect and Mechanism of the Slope Runoff Regulation

     坡面径流调控效应及其机理研究

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     Design of automatic inspection system for the runoff capacity of artificial rainfall

     人工降雨径流量自动检测系统的设计与研制

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     Grey Connectivity Analysis and Topological Prediction of Forest Eco-Environment at Qilian Mountains and Runoff Amount in Heihe River Basin.

     祁连山森林生态环境与黑河流域径流量的灰色关联分析和拓扑预测

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     Construction and Error Analysis of A New Tipping Bucket Type Telemetry Runoff Flow-meter

     新型翻斗式遥测径流量仪的结构与误差分析

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     The daily runoff in 29 years of Pingle Station in Guangxi province was predicted by ANN after non-linear smoothing transferring. The results showed that days in 10% relatively error averagely increase 47.8%,and days in 20%,relatively error averagely increase 35.6%.

     以广西平乐站29年的日径流量为例,通过适当的非线性平滑预处理后用神经网络进行预测,相对误差<10%的天数平均提高47.8%,相对误差<20%的天数平均提高35.6%。

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     The result showed: 1) the effect is visible to control soil erosion,the surface runoff of the forest land was reduced from 75.25%-85.21%,and the soil erosion reduced 85.4%-95.6% comparing with the farmland every year;

     结果表明:1)退耕还林对遏制水土流失有明显的作用,与坡耕地相比,退耕还林后地表径流量平均减少75.25%~85.21%,土壤侵蚀量减少1676.08~1876.66t/(km2.a),减少幅度为85.4%~95.6%;

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     4. The composition of water in surface runoff under various vegetations, is HCO_3~- > Ca~(2+) > SO_4~(2-) > Mg~(2+) > NO_3~- > Cl~- > Na~+> K~+> NH_4~+ > PO_4~(3-) .

     4．喀斯特地区不同植被条件下地表径流中离子浓度大小顺序是：HCO_3~-＞Ca~(2+)＞SO_4~(2-)＞Mg~(2+)＞NO_3~-＞Cl~-＞Na~+＞K~+＞NH_4~+＞PO_4~(3-)。

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     The total average PAHs concentrations in dust, rain and the main runoff were 648ng/g, 2157, 3272ng/L, respectively.

     结果表明,尘土、降雨、地表径流水中PAHs平均浓度分别为648ng/g,2157,3272ng/L.

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     The rate of total nitrogen loss ranges in 2.68-14.48 mg·m -2 ·min -1 in runoff, which is much lower than that of 100.01-172.67 mg·m -2 ·min -1 in sediment of runoff.

     估算出的各土地利用类型总氮流失速率,地表径流水相为2.68~14.48 mg·m-2·min-1,径流沉积物相高达100.01~172.67 mg·m-2·min-1。

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     The annual inputting nutrient by rainfall in plantation ecosystem including N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Sr, Zr, Na, and Si, amounts to 144.032kg/hm 2, and the surface runoff output is 155.335kg/hm 2. The annual net nutrient accumulation is -11.303kg/hm 2.

     该森林生态系统中随降雨年输入的N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Sr、Zr、Na、Si 11种营养元素总量为 14 4 .0 32kg/hm2 ,随地表径流年输出林地养分总量为 15 5 .335kg/hm2 ,年亏损量 11.30 3kg/hm2 。

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     The proportions of impact of anthropogenic activities on the mainstream's runoff are 41.59%, 63.77% and 75.15% respectively during the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s.

     人类活动在1970、1980和1990年代对流域上中游地表径流的影响量分别为41.59%、63.77%和75.15%;

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     Neural Network Models of Soil Erosion and Runoff in Slope and System Dynamics Model of Sediment Field in a Watershed

     坡面产流产沙神经网络模型与流域产沙系统动力学模型研究

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     Study on the Change Law and Describe Method of River Runoff under the Nature-Manpower Duality Mode

     自然—人工二元模式下河川径流变化规律和合理描述方法研究

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     Application Study of Complexity Theory in River Runoff Time Series Analysis

     复杂性理论在河川径流时间序列分析中的应用研究

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     The Theories and Applications Study of Double-excess Runoff Generation Model

     双超式产流模型的理论及应用研究

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     GIS-Based Study on Runoff Production and Sediment Yield Watershed Modeling in Two Types of Scales and It's Application on Loess Hilly Region

     基于GIS的黄土沟壑区两种尺度产流产沙数学模型研究与应用

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  runoff

Effect of forest vegetation on runoff and sediment production in sloping lands of Loess area

At the same time, better correlative relationship between runoff and sediment production and rainfall and rainfall intensity were testified by multiple regression, but the correlation decreased gradually with the increase of canopy density of forest.

Besides, runoff and sediment produced in mixed planting of apple trees and crops were 16.14-fold and 2.96-fold than those of O.

Thirdly, based on gray cognate analyses of factors affecting runoff and sediment production in sloping land, the factors of stand canopy density and herb and litter biomass were the most significant ones, whose gray incidence degree exceeded 0.6.

When the soil is covered only by litter, both the maximal rainfall amount and intensity in different forest stands are different if there is no water infiltration and runoff from the ground surface.

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Since the beginning of the last half century, the science of hydrology through successive steps of development has advanced to the realm of quantitative analysis. Engineers employed empirical methods to compute river discharges from precipitation data in answer to the ever-increasing demands made upon hydrologic analyses for engineering works. Yet for the phenomena of conflux of flows from precipitations, there exist only meager and fragmental quantitative analyses, without, so far, a systematic study of their...

Since the beginning of the last half century, the science of hydrology through successive steps of development has advanced to the realm of quantitative analysis. Engineers employed empirical methods to compute river discharges from precipitation data in answer to the ever-increasing demands made upon hydrologic analyses for engineering works. Yet for the phenomena of conflux of flows from precipitations, there exist only meager and fragmental quantitative analyses, without, so far, a systematic study of their underlying theories recorded in literature. On account of this, the progress of hydrology in respect to theory as well as to prac- tice has been retarded. By means of hydrodynamic analysis, the author has tentatively made an approach to the establishment of such a scheme of theories, in which he divided the rainfall-runoff phenomena into three parts for separate analyses, i. e., the occurrence of runoff due to rainfall at a surface point, the surface flow, and. the conflux of channel flows. This paper is devoted to the first part, which is, in essence, an analysis of the basic hydrologic phenomena. The theories thus established may be used as a guide for various hydrologic analyses in practice, may be based upon to examine the validity of various methods of hydrologic calculations, and may be further used to develop an approximate yet rational method for computing discharges from precipitation data. In this paper, the author proposes a scheme of underlying theories for analyzing the hydrograph of surface flow due to rainfall at a point, in which the essence of basic hydrologic phenomena is revealed, and this is accompanied with calculations of an example. In the earlier years, R. E. Horton established a theory of correlations of rainfall and runoff from small drainage basins by analyzing the data of Homer's sprinkler experiments. Thereafter, researchers basing upon his theories and methods analyzed the relations between rainfall and runoff by sprinkler experiments or data from natural areas. On account of the fact that Horton's analysis does not begin with an accurate hydrodynamical viewpoint, problems are bound to arise in practice due to defects in the underlying theories. Shortcomings of Homer's analysis on the basis of the author's theories are pointed out and the practical value of sprinkler experiments estimated. A method proposed by E. V. Bodakoff for computing discharges due to storms on small basins has raised wide discussions among the Soviet scholars, many of whom hold different views. The author hereby points out the main shortcomings of Bodakoff's method, and gives a numerical example with results compared with those computed by the author's method, thus showing the limitations of Bodakoff's method in practical applications.

半世紀來,水文学在發展的过程中已進入了定量分析的途徑;工程師們曾用各种經驗性的方法依據降水的资料推演河槽裹水流的現象,以应各种工程建設对於水文分析的要求。但是对於降水集流的过程始終祇有一些零星、片面的数值分析,没有一套完整的理論系統,因此阻碍着水文学在理論与应用方面的發展。作者曾用流体力学的分析法初步建立了降水集流的理論系統,把降水集流的过程分為三個階段:雨降地面逕流的產生、地面流、槽流之滙集,分别予以分析。本文便是其中第一階段,亦即最基本水文現象的分析。这些建立了的理論可以用為指導各种水文分析的南針,用為評論各种水文計算法的依據,並可用以創造一种近似而合理的方法,从降水資料推算逕流資料。本文中作者貢献一套理論,以分析地面點上降雨產生逕流的过程,揭發了基本水文現象的本質,最後並列舉实例的計算。早年郝登(R.E.Horton)曾依據郝納(W.W.Homer)的地面流实驗資料建立了一套在小地域內降水和逕流關係之理論,其後学者們根據他的理論和方法,用人工降雨法或流域資料实測法來確定降水和逕流間的關係。郝登的分析並没有从準確的動力学观點出發。在实際分析中發生了欠缺理論基礎的根本問題。这方面作者持着不同的意見。本文中根...

半世紀來,水文学在發展的过程中已進入了定量分析的途徑;工程師們曾用各种經驗性的方法依據降水的资料推演河槽裹水流的現象,以应各种工程建設对於水文分析的要求。但是对於降水集流的过程始終祇有一些零星、片面的数值分析,没有一套完整的理論系統,因此阻碍着水文学在理論与应用方面的發展。作者曾用流体力学的分析法初步建立了降水集流的理論系統,把降水集流的过程分為三個階段:雨降地面逕流的產生、地面流、槽流之滙集,分别予以分析。本文便是其中第一階段,亦即最基本水文現象的分析。这些建立了的理論可以用為指導各种水文分析的南針,用為評論各种水文計算法的依據,並可用以創造一种近似而合理的方法,从降水資料推算逕流資料。本文中作者貢献一套理論,以分析地面點上降雨產生逕流的过程,揭發了基本水文現象的本質,最後並列舉实例的計算。早年郝登(R.E.Horton)曾依據郝納(W.W.Homer)的地面流实驗資料建立了一套在小地域內降水和逕流關係之理論,其後学者們根據他的理論和方法,用人工降雨法或流域資料实測法來確定降水和逕流間的關係。郝登的分析並没有从準確的動力学观點出發。在实際分析中發生了欠缺理論基礎的根本問題。这方面作者持着不同的意見。本文中根據作者的理論指出了郝登分析法的癥結所在,並估計了人工降雨实驗法的实用價值之限度。波達闊夫曾建議暴雨逕流之一种計算法,引起了苏联学者的廣泛討論,很多人持有不同的意見。作者於文中指出了波氏等方法發生問題的症結所在;並用实例計算和作者的方法比較,說明了波氏法在实用中的準確限度。

The current methods of analyzing flood-causing storm data are rather empirical and unsatisfactory. This is owing to lack of a theoretical scheme analyzing the conflux of surface and channel flows derived from runoff due to rainfall on the drainage basin. Lately, since the writer made a tentative approach to the formulation of such a scheme [1], [9], he further found that as engineers are already not satisfied with a single value of peak discharge in answering the demands of engineering design and require...

The current methods of analyzing flood-causing storm data are rather empirical and unsatisfactory. This is owing to lack of a theoretical scheme analyzing the conflux of surface and channel flows derived from runoff due to rainfall on the drainage basin. Lately, since the writer made a tentative approach to the formulation of such a scheme [1], [9], he further found that as engineers are already not satisfied with a single value of peak discharge in answering the demands of engineering design and require the data of a flood hydrograph that corresponds to a given probability of happening, then in answering the requirement for flood-causing storm data, they will also not be satisfied with the data in the present form of duration and average intensity of rainfall and will refuire it in the form of hyetograph that produces the maximum flood hydrograph. In respect to analyses of thunderstorm data on small drainage basins, this paper points out the deficits of the current methods and proposes a method of time series for finding the hyetograph corresponding to any given probability of its occurrence. In respect to analysis of storm data on large drainage basins, the paper discusses the probabilities of occurrences of various forms of precipitation that causes floods and methods of analyses of rainfall depth-duration-area relations and design storms,

我国国境内的洪水绝大部分是由大雨所造成的，因此研究洪水的成因必先分析暴雨的性质。目前动力气象学的已有知识尚不能用来定量地分析降雨的性质，所以必须采用了暴雨资料的一些简单的组成要素，如雨率、雨时和雨面等，它们之间的关系及其出现的概率只能　当地观测资料所绘出的关系线、用适线法把代表资料的关系公式推求出来，这样来分析暴雨的性质。 世界各国现行的造洪暴雨资料分析方法是不完善的，其理论基础是很薄弱的Ｏ这主要是由於以往对於更基本的流域的雨水怎样汇成河中流率的力学分析没有能得出一套理论系统来，困而无从确知究竟需要怎样的暴雨资料。近年作者总结了降水集流的理论系统〔丑〕〔９〕後，认为对於洪水资料的要求工程师们饮已不满足於洪案流率一（［ｔ］数值，且进而要求相应某一概率的流率时程线，则对於造洪暴雨资料的要求自亦不能满足於雨时及其相应的平均雨率，，而应进而要求那个产生最大流率时程线的而率时程线；这些尚民是对於小流域上暴雨资料的分析法而言的。 本文对於小流域上阵雨资料的分析法指出了现行雨率——而时——概率关系分析法的本质和缺点、用站年法延长系列和用日雨量等值线插补雨季——而时关系法的不合理性，并建议了一种推求相应一定概率的雨率时程线的方?

This paper attempts to answer the following two questions: (1) Is it possible to derive the law of distribution of hydrological frequency theoretically(2) What type of distribution curve should be adopted as the model of hydrological frequency curve and how to determine their parameters? The results obtained may be summarized as follows: 1. Hydrological phenomena are time series with concealed periodic fluctuations. The results from statistical analysis based upon the current assumption that hydrological phenomena...

This paper attempts to answer the following two questions: (1) Is it possible to derive the law of distribution of hydrological frequency theoretically(2) What type of distribution curve should be adopted as the model of hydrological frequency curve and how to determine their parameters? The results obtained may be summarized as follows: 1. Hydrological phenomena are time series with concealed periodic fluctuations. The results from statistical analysis based upon the current assumption that hydrological phenomena are independent stochastic variables should be accepted with due considerations. 2. In view of the regional nature of hydrological phenomena, the current parctice of analyzing samples taking from a single station only is, in effect, to narrow the sampling field arbitrarily from a larger area to a point, thus reducing the accuracy of the statistical results. Hence, the synthetic utilization of the data of all stations within the hydrologically homo- geneous region is an important measure to increase the accuracy of statistical analysis. 3. The belief that the flood frequency obeys the binomial theorem or Poisson's theorem is but to mix up the priori with the empirical probability problem. The binomial theorem, being a powerful weapon to deal with the problems of priori probability, has not been adquately and properly utilized in the hydrologieal frequency analysis. 4. Analyses have been made of the nature of distribution of shydrologieal series on the basis of Kaptyen's derivation of the skew distribution, which indicate: (1) That the theoretical interpretation of the log-probability law of the hydrologic phenomena by V. T. Chow is not sound; (2) that hydrologic phenomena being results of very complicated meteorological and hydrological processes, it is impossible to derive theoretically the law of distribution for the hydrological series. 5. The view that the flood frequency obeys the Gumbel's distribution is theoretically not sound and also not verified by actual data. 6. According to the nature of the mathematical treatments applied, the method of description of the empirical probability can be classified into three systems: (1) The methods of the generalization of the characteristic factors of the distributions, such as Pearson's curves, Goodrich's curves, etc.; (2) The methods of the modification of a fundamental distribution by series and polynomials, such as Gram-Charlier curves. curves, etc.; (3) The methods of transformed functions, such as the log-probability law, curves, etc. It should be remarked that not only Pearson's and Goodrich's curves are frequency curves of empirical nature, but even the theoretical laws, such as the normal law and the log-probability law, will be aceepted as curves of empirical nature, when used as models for empirical probability problem. 7. Hydrological frequency analysis should not be mystified and made absolute. Instead of free selections, the models of hydrological frequency curve should be uniquely selected and specified. Statistical parameters should be determined not solely by the short period data of single station, but also by the synthetic utilization of the data of possible more stations. 8. It is recommended that one of the two types of distribution, i.e. the log-normal frequency curve with both sides limited and the Pearson's type Ⅲ curve, may be selected as unified models. The author suggests that the K-value corresponding to recurrence intervals of say 10~4, 10~5, or 10~6 years may be selected as the upper and lower limits for the log-normal curve. For Pearson's type III curves, C_s should be treated not as independent but as dependent variables of C_v. 9. The proper way to select and determine the model frequency curve is to see whether it fits well with the actual data of grouped stations (stations to be grouped by regions for rainfall data and by C_v for runoff data) and the reasonableness of the extrapolating part. 10. Suggestions on the method of determination of x and C_v: For point rainfall, iso-x map may be utilized, and the mean C_v for each hydrologicregion may be adopted in order to minimize the errors from single stations and to avoid the discrepancies in results obtained from the same region. With regard to flood frequency analysis, flood mark reconnaissance must be utilized to determine the magnitude and the recurrence interval of the unusual flood. The x and C_v values of the floods and runoffs of hydrologically similiar river basins may be compared. Besides, the reasonableness of the results of frequency calculations as well as of the statistical parameters adopted therein may be checked by comparing runoffs and point-rainfall values of the same frequency.

我国近期水文频率计算方法的研究工作在选择方法,经验频率公式,参数的误差和利用我国水文资料检验各种频率线型等方面有了一定的成果和实用的结论[1],但是下面两个问题还没有获得解决: (1)能否从机率理论证明水文频率属于何种分布律? (2)水文频率曲线应当采用什么线型?如何确定参数?本文试图解答以上两个问题。本文分析了水文系列的时序性质和区域性质,把机率问题按先验、极限和后验三种基本性质对水文频率问题进行了分析;利用开布屯推导偏态分布的方法分析了水文系列的分布性质,并从而批判了有关水文频率肯定属于对数正态律,耿贝尔极限律或二项式定理等等说法。认为属于后验机率性质的水文频率,不能从机率理论证明它属于何种分布律。最后提出联合利用各站水文资料来选择线型和确定参数的方法,并建议在两端有限对数正态和皮尔逊Ⅲ型两种线型中选择一种作为统一采用的线型,对两端有限曲线提出了简易可行的确定上下极限的方法,对皮尔逊Ⅲ型曲线认为应该把Cs作Cv的倚变参数。

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  本文关键词：基于GIS的黄土沟壑区两种尺度产流产沙数学模型研究与应用，由笔耕文化传播整理发布。