Existence of the Myodural Bridge in Selected Mammalian and A

发布时间：2024-07-06 22:13

　　前言:四块枕下肌分别是:头后大直肌,头后小直肌,头上斜肌和头下斜肌。它们的肌梭密度都较高。肌梭能感知肌肉的长度和肌肉长度变化的频率,并将信息整合传递给中枢神经系统,中枢神经系统利用这些信息来保持肌肉张力,身体姿势和平衡。虽然枕下肌肉主要功能是帮助头部伸展和头部旋转,但因为其他较大的肌肉也参与头部的这些运动,所以大部分研究人员认为,头后直肌在头部运动中只起到很小的作用。上颈关节发生的很小屈曲的动作也会引发椎旁肌内肌梭大量传入信息。因此枕下肌这种本体感受的作用,使得它们可能与姿势调节,头部运动以及感知关节运动和位置有关。1995年,研究者发现在寰枕间隙,头后小直肌和硬脊膜之间存在一个致密的结缔组织连接。这个致密的结缔组织连接被称为肌硬膜桥。后来众多学者通过大体解剖,组织学和塑化技术验证了肌硬膜桥这个结构。头后直肌,头下斜肌和项韧带都被证实会通过寰枕、寰枢间隙,参与形成肌硬膜桥。枕下肌与慢性头痛,慢性颈痛(不是慢性,潜伏性颈痛)以及紧张型头痛之间存在关系,但原因却不清楚。研究表明有慢性颈部疼痛、紧张型头痛以及颈部扭伤相关疾病的患者,其枕下肌肉存在脂肪浸润和横截面积显著减少的现象。相反,在慢性...

【文章页数】：145 页

【学位级别】：博士

【文章目录】：
摘要
ABSTRACT
1.Background
    1.1 Introduction
    1.2 Myodural bridge in humans
    1.3 Myodural bridge in vertebrate animals
    1.4 Functions associated with the myodural bridge
    1.5 Research questions
    1.6 Aim of the study
    1.7 Objectives
    1.8 Research justification
    1.9 Research Hypothesis
2.MATERIALS AND METHODS
    2.1 Materials
    2.2 Methods
        2.2.1 Animal handling
        2.2.2 Gross anatomical studies
        2.2.3 Histological studies
        2.2.4 Haemotoxylin and eosin stain
        2.2.5 Masson trichrome stain
        2.2.6 Sirius red staining in saturated carbazotic acid
        2.2.7 Scanning electron microscopy
3.RESULTS
    PART Ⅰ
        3.1 Gross anatomical dissections of the suboccipital region of bats and tree shrews
        3.2 Histological studies
            3.2.1 H&E stained sections
            3.2.2 Masson trichrome stain sections
            3.2.3 Sirius red in saturated carbazotic acid sections
    PART Ⅱ
        3.3 Gross anatomy of the suboccipital muscles(Columba livia)
        3.4 Light microscopic histology
            3.4.1 Hematoxylin-eosin stained sections
            3.4.2 Masson trichrome stained sections
            3.4.3 Sirius red in saturated carbazotic acid sections
            3.4.4 Scanning electron microscopy
4.DISCUSSION
    4.1 CONCLUSION
    4.2 REFERENCES
5.LITERATURE REVIEW
    5.1 Development of the vertebrae
        5.1.1 Somites formation
        5.1.2 Development of the sclerotomes
        5.1.3 Development of intervertebral discs
        5.1.4 Embryology of the occipitocervical junction
        5.1.5 Embryology of the third to seventh cervical vertebrae
        5.1.6 Molecular signaling involved in the development of the vertebrae
    5.2 The meninges
        5.2.1 Dura mater
        5.2.2 Arachnoid mater
        5.2.3 Pia mater
    5.3 Embryology of the meninges
    5.4 Epidural ligaments
    5.5 The myodural bridge
    5.6 Spinal dura mater at the occipto-cervical junction
    5.7 Myodural bridge in mammals and reptiles
    5.8 Functional significance of the myodural bridge
        5.8.1 The myodural bridge and headache
    5.9 The choroid plexus
        5.9.1 Choroid plexus ion transporters
        5.9.2 Molecular signaling involved in the development of the choroid plexus
References
List of abbreviations
Acknowelgements
Published Papers



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