《蜜蜂的寓言》伦理思想研究

发布时间：2018-03-06 20:08

本文选题：曼德维尔　切入点：《蜜蜂的寓言》　出处：《河北师范大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：伯纳德·曼德维尔(1670-1733),生于荷兰鹿特丹的一个医学世家,后旅居英国,专修医学和哲学。其代表作《蜜蜂的寓言》既是一部经济学著作,也是一部重要的伦理学著作。在这部著作中,曼德维尔从人性自私论出发,以寓言的形式对道德的起源、社会的本质做了生动、详细阐述,提出了“私恶即公利”的命题,对西方伦理思想的发展产生了十分重要的影响,同时也对西方哲学、经济学、社会学产生了深远的影响。本文的研究分为三个部分:第一部分分析了《蜜蜂的寓言》成书的背景及思想渊源。《蜜蜂的寓言》伦理思想的形成,离不开作者所处社会的经济、政治、文化条件。从其所处的社会背景来看,中世纪以后,西方哲学的研究重点从神学走向人学,越来越重视人的价值和重要性。另外,18世纪的社会关系和道德观念也发生了重要变化。《蜜蜂的寓言》并不是一部逻辑体系严密的学术著作,而是一部诗歌体裁的寓言作品。曼德维尔用蜂巢中的蜜蜂来比喻现实生活中的人,蜂巢经历了从腐败的繁荣到清教式的清贫状态。前期,个人和社会缺乏道德、充满恶行,而社会却是繁荣的。后期,人人注意自己的道德行为,社会冷清,没有活力。在曼德维尔看来,社会的繁荣富足必须以人们的道德沦丧为代价。从思想渊源来看,曼德维尔在这部著作中阐发的伦理思想不仅受到洛克经验主义伦理学和霍布斯自利观的影响,也深受古希腊哲学家的启迪。第二部分阐释了《蜜蜂的寓言》伦理思想的主要内容。首先是人性自私论,“性恶论”构成了曼德维尔全部伦理思想的理论基石。在曼德维尔看来,人们的种种自利的激情决定了人性本恶,但他并没有对这种“恶”做彻底的批判,甚至阐释了它存在的合理性及必要性,特别是通过对沙夫茨伯里的批判,揭示了性善论的虚伪和不真实。其次是道德起源论,曼德维尔分别从政治需要和人性的缺陷来分析道德的起源。曼德维尔认为,道德是由巧妙的政治所创制,发端于个人的逐利活动中,它能使人互相利用,又易于驾驭,它能使野心家极容易而又极安全地从大家那里获取更多利益,并且统治大多数人。此外,曼德维尔还阐发了劳动分工促成道德行为的理论,进而探究了美德的本质问题,提出了美德就是自我克制的思想。再次,“私恶即公利”是《蜜蜂的寓言》中的核心思想。曼德维尔对人性的自我中心以及道德的自利本质的阐释构成了这个思想的前提,在对社会本质的探究中,曼德维尔对社会的演进做了精心的阐述。他指出,任何社会皆不可能萌生于种种厚道的美德及人的可爱本质。恰恰相反,所有的社会都必定起源于人的各种需求、人的缺陷和欲望,而人类社会正是在这种个人利益的满足中达到繁荣。第三部分阐释了曼德维尔伦理思想的理论得失及启示。其理论贡献体现在两个方面:一是谱写了西方功利主义的序曲。“曼德维尔悖论”所引发的争论,迫使人们或多或少进入一种功利主义的态度,早期的功利主义者正是在寻求悖论的解决方式中第一次阐述功利主义的,在一定意义上说,“曼德维尔悖论”为后来功利主义的发展奠定了基础;二是为西方古典经济学提供了伦理支持。曼德维尔的“私恶即公利”命题是斯密“看不见的手”理论的直接来源。另外,曼德维尔还是自由主义经济学的重要奠基者,受到哈耶克的大力赞扬。客观而言,曼德维尔在《蜜蜂的寓言》中阐发的伦理思想也存在一些理论上的缺失,主要体现为人性自私论的局限性和个人主义道德观的片面性。尽管如此,曼德维尔关于个人利己动机与社会公共利益关系的思考对当前我国社会主义市场经济条件下的道德建设仍然有一定的启发意义。
[Abstract]:Bernard Mandeville (1670-1733), a medical family was born in Holland in Rotterdam, after living in the UK, majoring in medicine and philosophy. It is not only a representative fable > book in economics as "the bees, but also an important ethical works. In this book, Mandeville from the selfishness of human nature theory, in the form of allegory of morality the origin and nature of the society gave a vivid, detailed, put forward the" private vice, public "proposition, has a very important impact on the development of western ethics, but also on the western philosophy, economics, sociology has far-reaching influence. This study is divided into three parts: the first form part of the" ethics fable > > the fable of the bees into the background of the book and thought origin. Bees, cannot do without the social economic, political and cultural conditions. From the point of view of the social background, After the middle ages, focus on Western Philosophy from theology to science, more and more attention to the value and importance of people. In addition, in eighteenth Century the social relations and moral concepts have undergone important changes. The fable of the bees > is not a strict logical system of academic works, but a poem by Mandeville fables. The hive bees to describe people in real life, the hive has experienced from prosperity to the poor state of the Puritan corruption. Early, lack of moral, individual and society is full of evil, and the society is prosperous. Later, everyone pay attention to their own social moral behavior, deserted, no vitality. In Mandeville's view, society prosperity must be based on people's morality for the price. From the origin of thought, ethics thought of Mandeville in this book explains not only by Rock and Huo empiricism ethics Effect of self concept by booth, the ancient Greek philosopher of the enlightenment. The second part explains the main contents of the fable ethics bee < >. The first is the "evil nature" theory of human selfishness, constitute the theoretical foundation of Mandeville's ethics. In Mandeville's opinion, all sorts of people's self-interest passion determines the evil of human nature but, he did not do a thorough critique of the "evil", and explains the rationality and necessity of its existence, especially through the criticism of Shaftesbury, reveals the goodness of false and untrue. Second is the origin of morality, Mandeville respectively from the political needs and defects of human nature to analyze the moral the origin. Mandeville believes that morality is by clever political creation, originated in the personal profit activities, it can make people take advantage of each other, and easy to control, it can make very easy and very ambitious To get more benefits from everyone there, and the rule of most people. In addition, Mandeville also contributed to the elucidation of the division of labor theory of moral behavior, and explore the essence of virtue, the virtue is self restrained thinking. Again, "private vices that the public" is the core idea of "the fable of the bees". Mandeville on human self center and explain the essence of moral self constitutes a prerequisite for this idea, in the research on social nature, made an elaborate exposition of Mandeville on the evolution of society. He pointed out that any society can not be virtue and people born in various kind of adorable cute nature. On the contrary, all the social needs of all must have originated in the human defects and desire, and human society is to achieve prosperity in the personal interests of the meet in the middle. The third part explains Viln Mandela The theory of thought and enlightenment. And its theoretical contribution is embodied in two aspects: one is composed of Western utilitarian overture. "Triggered by the Mandeville paradox" debate, forcing people into more or less of a utilitarian attitude, early utilitarian is described first in the utilitarianism in the way of seeking the solution of the paradox. In a certain sense, the "Mandeville paradox" laid the foundation for the later development of utilitarianism; two is to provide ethical support for Western classical economics. Mandeville's "private vices that public interest is the proposition of Smith's" invisible hand "direct source of theory. In addition, an important founder of Mandeville or the liberal economics Hayek, by the strong praise. Objectively speaking, Mandeville in" the fable of the bees > ethical thoughts in the elucidation of the theory also has some lack of the Lord One sidedness to reflect on the limitations of human selfishness and moral concept of individualism. Nevertheless, thinking about personal self-interest motivation and social public interests of Mandeville on the current moral construction of our country under the condition of socialist market economy still has a certain significance.

【学位授予单位】：河北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B82-0

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