当代伦理学关于运气问题的争论与辩护

发布时间：2018-07-29 10:02

【摘要】："运气有多重要"一直是引起伦理学诸多争议的重要话题。围绕应该如何理解运气的伦理意义与道德权重,伦理学史上存在宏观与微观两种讨论方式。20世纪70年代以来,在微观层面上探讨运气与能动性、后果之间关系,以及三者对于道德评价的重要性,已成为当代伦理学的一个争论热点。以威廉姆斯为代表的运气论者主张,应承认运气的真实性和扰动作用,反对将道德评价局限于纯粹的能动性中。对此,后果论、温和的动机论与激进的动机论三种反对立场从各自角度出发,提出了相对应的反驳意见。它们的根本分歧在于,面对"能动性一运气一后果"的道德结构,四者把其中的不同因素理解为最重要的(或唯一重要的)评价根据。但是,反对者为了保持理论的融贯性,忽视甚至阉割了真实的道德经验。与之相比,引入并承认运气的重要性,是对人类有限性与世界复杂性的确认,促使我们重新思考道德知识与道德生活的本质。
[Abstract]:"how important is luck" has always been an important topic in ethics. Focusing on how to understand the ethical significance and moral weight of luck, there are two discussion modes in the history of ethics: macro and micro. Since the 1970s, the relationship between luck, initiative and consequences has been discussed on the micro level. The importance of the three to moral evaluation has become a hot issue in contemporary ethics. The luck theorists, represented by Williams, argue that the truth and disturbance of luck should be acknowledged, and that moral evaluation should be restricted to pure initiative. In view of this, three opposing positions, namely consequence theory, moderate motivation theory and radical motivation theory, are put forward from their respective angles. Their fundamental difference is that in the face of the moral structure of "initiative, luck and consequence," the four interpret the different factors as the most important (or the only important) basis for evaluation. However, in order to maintain the consistency of the theory, opponents ignore or even castrate the true moral experience. In contrast, the introduction and recognition of the importance of luck is the recognition of the limitation of human beings and the complexity of the world, which urges us to rethink the nature of moral knowledge and moral life.
【作者单位】：中央编译局中国现实问题研究中心;
【基金】：2010年国家社科基金项目“当代美德伦理学及其心理基础研究”(10CZX043)的阶段性成果
【分类号】：B82-091

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