对司法鉴定制度的思考与完善

发布时间：2018-03-18 19:46

本文选题：司法鉴定　切入点：制度　出处：《中国政法大学》2004年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 在诉讼活动中，司法鉴定在认定案件事实和提供证据方面发挥着重要作用，但随着社会的进步和法制的不断完善，现行的司法鉴定工作已不能适应法制建设和司法实践的需要，司法鉴定的很多弊端阻碍了司法鉴定的的科学发展和社会主义法制民主化、科学化的进程。因此，改革完善我国现行的司法鉴定制度势在必行。本文试从司法鉴定的性质、弊端入手，论述我国司法鉴定中存在的主要问题及改革的构想。本文共分八个部分。第一部分司法鉴定的概念、性质和功能。从目前对司法鉴定概念的不同学说中，概括出司法鉴定的概念；论述了司法鉴定的性质是科技实证活动；司法鉴定的功能是为案件的侦破提供线索，为定案提供证据，为案件核实其他证据提供依据。第二部分两大法系主要国家司法鉴定制度的比较。从鉴定机构的设置和管理体制、鉴定机制、鉴定人资格、鉴定程序等几个方面，论述了两大法系主要国家司法鉴定制度的不同规定。第三部分我国司法鉴定制度的现状、改革完善的必要性以及改革的原则和目标。从司法鉴定立法严重滞后、机构设置重复、无统一管理机构、对鉴定人缺乏明确严格的管理体制、鉴定程序不完善、缺乏统一科学的技术标准和操作规程方面，论述了我国司法鉴定制度的现状；从实现公正与效率的世纪主题入手论述了司法鉴定改革完善的必要性；从立足现实、坚持科学性、确保中立性的视角出发，论述鉴定改革的原则及确保司法公正的终极目标。第四部分司法鉴定机构设置与管理体制的改革与完善。在分析集中型模式和分散性模式利弊的基础上，结合我国实践，提出了“一元管理”、“多元并存”的鉴定体制。第五部分鉴定人制度的思考与完善。在归纳中外学者关于鉴定人含义的基础上，论述了鉴定人的性质应定位于“诉讼参与人”。从完善鉴定人资格，选任制度、权利义务、法律责任等方面，论述了对鉴定人制度的改革完善。第六部分规范司法鉴定技术标准。从司法鉴定技术标准的概念、重要性和我国目前现状方面，论述了规范司法鉴定技术标准的必要性，以及如何使司法鉴定技术标准达到从技术上到程序上的科学性和统一性。 WP=5 第七部分改革完善司法鉴定程序。从我国司法鉴定的启动程序、实施程序和落实鉴定人回避制度、初次鉴定和重新鉴定、司法鉴定期限等方面，论述了司法鉴定程序的改革与完善。第八部分完善鉴定结论的质证、认证程序。从建立司法鉴定结论审前展示程序和完善落实鉴定人出庭作证方面，论述了完善司法鉴定结论的质证程序；从对鉴定结论的证据能力进行认证和对鉴定结论证据力的认证的角度，，论述了完善司法鉴定结论的认证程序。
[Abstract]:In the proceedings, judicial identification plays an important role in the facts and evidence, but with the social progress and improvement of legal system, the judicial authentication work current cannot meet the needs of the construction of legal system and judicial practice, many disadvantages of judicial identification in the end hindered the judicial identification of the scientific development and the socialist legal system democratic and scientific process. Therefore, the reform and consummation of China's current judicial identification system is imperative. This paper from the nature of judicial appraisal of malpractice, discusses the conception of main problems existing in China's judicial identification and reform.
This article is divided into eight parts.
The first part of the concept of judicial identification, nature and function. From the different theories on the concept of judicial identification, summarizes the concept of judicial identification; discusses the nature of judicial appraisal is an empirical science and technology activities; the function of judicial identification is detected for the case to provide clues, provide evidence for the case, provide the basis for the verification of other cases the evidence.
The second part is the comparison of the forensic identification system in the two main legal systems. From the establishment and management system of the accreditation body, the appraisal mechanism, the qualification of the appraiser and the identification procedure, this paper discusses the different provisions of the forensic identification system in the two main legal systems.
The third part of the status quo of China's judicial system, reform and perfect the necessity and principles of reform and goals. From the legislation of judicial expertise institutions is seriously lagging behind, repeat, no unified management mechanism, the lack of clear and strict management system identification, identification procedure is not perfect, the lack of unified technical standards and scientific operation rules. Discusses the status quo of China's judicial identification system; from the realization of justice and efficiency of the century theme discusses the necessity of reforming and perfecting the judicial identification; based on the reality, adhere to the scientific, to ensure the neutrality of the visual angle, discusses the identification principle of reform and ensure the ultimate goal of justice.
The fourth part is the reform and improvement of the establishment and management system of forensic expertise. Based on the analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the centralized mode and the decentralized mode, combined with the practice of our country, we put forward the identification system of "one yuan management" and "multiple coexistence".
With the perfection of the system of identification of the fifth part. The scholars both home and abroad based on the identification of the meaning, discusses the nature of appraiser should be defined in the "participants in the proceedings". From the improvement of the selection system, qualification, rights and obligations, legal responsibilities and other aspects, discusses the reform of the identification system.
The sixth part of the judicial authentication standard. From the concept of judicial identification of technical standards, the importance and the present situation of our country, discusses the necessity of regulating the judicial identification of technical standards, and how to reach the standard of judicial identification technology to the application of science and technology from unity.
WP=5
The seventh part is to reform and improve the judicial expertise procedure. From the start procedure, implementation procedure and implementation of appraiser challenge system, initial identification and re identification, and the period of judicial appraisal, we discuss the reform and improvement of judicial expertise procedure.
The eighth part is to improve cross examination, identification of the conclusions of the certification program. From the establishment of judicial appraisal conclusion of pretrial display procedures and improve the implementation of expert testimony, discusses how to perfect the judicial appraisal conclusion evidence procedure; authentication and the appraisal conclusion evidence certification from the appraisal conclusion evidence ability angle, discusses the perfection of the conclusion of judicial identification certification program.

【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：D918.9

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