政府在应对自然灾害中的预见可能性——日本国家责任的视角

发布时间：2018-01-28 02:11

本文关键词： 自然灾害危险防止型行政预见可能性国家责任　出处：《环球法律评论》2017年01期 　论文类型：期刊论文

【摘要】：现代社会中,政府基于其危险防止型行政的角色定位,需要在特定情形下对自然灾害所造成的损害承担赔偿责任。就危险防止型行政中的行政不作为是否违法,主要存在预见可能性、结果避免可能性、期待可能性和受损法益的重大性这四项判断要件。其中,能否预见到自然灾害的发生至关重要。为此,需要从国家责任的视角出发,对政府在应对自然灾害中预见可能性的概念、判断标准、判断要素等进行分析,阐述政府对自然灾害具有预见可能性的条件,并进而应为其不履行职责的行为承担法律责任。具体而言,在国家法律责任层面上,政府在应对自然灾害中的预见可能性应以通常状态或者一般注意义务为前提,以盖然性为标准,并因个案不同存有差异。借由对日本预见可能性概念进行的梳理,可以在我国国家赔偿制度中引入预见可能性理念及危险防止型行政责任体系,进而对我国国家责任体系进行反思。
[Abstract]:In modern society, the government, based on its role in hazardous and preventive administration, needs to assume liability for damages caused by natural disasters under certain circumstances. There are mainly four elements of judgment, namely, the possibility of foresee, the possibility of avoiding the result, the possibility of expectation and the importance of the injured legal interest. Among them, it is very important to foresee the occurrence of natural disaster. From the point of view of national responsibility, this paper analyzes the concept, criteria and elements of the government's anticipatory possibility in dealing with natural disasters, and expounds the conditions under which the government has the possibility to foresee natural disasters. And then it should bear legal responsibility for its failure to perform its duties. Specifically, on the level of national legal responsibility. In dealing with natural disasters, the government should take the normal state or the general duty of care as the premise, and take the probability as the standard. By combing the concept of the possibility of foresight in Japan, we can introduce the concept of foreseeable possibility and the system of administrative liability of risk prevention in the national compensation system of our country. Then we reflect on our national responsibility system.
【作者单位】：复旦大学法学院;
【基金】：2012年国家社会科学基金项目“风险行政中的国家责任研究”(12CFX031) 2016年上海市人民政府决策咨询研究政府法制专项课题“行政不作为的监管与救济研究”(2016-Z-B06)的研究成果
【分类号】：D731.3;X43
【正文快照】： 杜仪方,复旦大学法学院副教授。一引言我国是自然灾害频发的国家,自然灾害的种类多、分布广、危害大。以国家统计局2015年公布的数据为例,仅2014年一年,我国由于各类自然灾害所造成直接经济损失就达到3373亿元,死亡1800余人。[1]对于政府而言,深化可持续发展战略,切实保护环境

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