英国1832年议会改革对其自由贸易政策的影响（1832-1867）

发布时间：2018-03-05 23:16

本文选题：利益集团　切入点：自由贸易　出处：《外交学院》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：外交是内政的延续,内政是外交的基础。国家对外政策往往都是其国内政治的产物。作为“议会之母”的英国,议会则是其内政的集中体现,议会对其外交政策的影响是举足轻重的。18世纪中后叶,英国率先在世界上启动了工业革命,英国走出农业经济的束缚跨进工业经济。工业革命的爆发和海外贸易的繁荣推动着英国社会结构的变化。以工商业资本家为主导的自由商人往往凭借海外贸易财富迅速崛起,其经济实力逐步与贵族统治阶级并驾齐驱,甚至超越了贵族统治阶级,成为国家经济生活的主要参与者,经济地位的提升促使这些崛起的阶级要求与之相配的议会政治地位,而议会政治权利的获取并不是一帆风顺的,19世纪初自由商人的利益诉求常常被忽略或者作为贵族统治阶级的附庸,然而历史已指引英国重商主义贸易向自由主义贸易转变。1820年伦敦商人陈情书在议会提议的失败与1840年议会关于对华鸦片战争提议成功的对比反映的不仅仅是英国贸易政策的重大转向,也反映了政策转变背后利益集团结构的变化。从19世纪初期自由主义的星星之火到19世纪中后期自由主义的大行其道,这一切的实现与1832年议会改革有着密切的联系。1832年议会改革不仅仅是制度的改革,更是对自由商人既得利益的肯定并赋予其匹配的政治地位,政治地位的获得为自由贸易政策的出台提供了更多的可能,在这个过程中,自由商人的政治权利也渐渐向政治权力过渡,最终自由主义引领英国走向辉煌。本文认为,这些变化可视为国内政治与对外政策的互动,议会改革一定程度肯定了自由贸易者既得利益和地位,为他们日后利益维护赢得了话语权,依靠着政治上的话语权和经济上的持续发展,自由贸易最终成为19世纪英国对外经济政策,而这是议会改革通过利益偏好、信息和制度三个因素实现的。
[Abstract]:Diplomacy is the continuation of internal affairs, and internal affairs is the basis of diplomacy. Foreign policy is often the product of its domestic politics. As the "mother of parliament", the British Parliament is the concentrated embodiment of its internal affairs. Parliament's influence on its foreign policy was significant in the mid-18th century, when Britain took the lead in launching the industrial revolution in the world. Britain stepped out of the shackles of the agricultural economy into the industrial economy. The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution and the prosperity of overseas trade promoted the changes in the social structure of the United Kingdom. Free businessmen, led by industrial and commercial capitalists, often rose rapidly on the basis of overseas trade wealth. Its economic strength gradually kept pace with the aristocratic ruling class, and even surpassed the aristocratic ruling class and became the main participant in the country's economic life. The upgrading of the economic status prompted these rising classes to demand the corresponding parliamentary political status. The acquisition of parliamentary political rights was not an easy one. The interests of liberal merchants in the early 19th century were often ignored or as an appendage of the aristocratic ruling class. History, however, has guided Britain's mercantilist trade to liberalism. The failure of the 1820 London businessman's love letter in Parliament to the 1840 parliamentary proposal for the Opium War against China reflects more than just Britain. A major shift in trade policy, It also reflects the changes in the structure of interest groups behind the policy shift. From the sparkle of liberalism in the beginning of 19th century to the liberalism in the middle and late period of 19th century, The realization of all this is closely related to the parliamentary reform of 1832, which in 1832 was not only a reform of the system, but also an affirmation of the vested interests of free businessmen and a matching political status. The acquisition of political status provides more possibilities for the introduction of free trade policy. In this process, the political rights of free businessmen gradually transition to political power, and finally liberalism leads Britain to glory. These changes can be seen as an interaction between domestic politics and foreign policy. Parliamentary reform has to a certain extent affirmed the vested interests and status of free traders and won a voice for their future interests. Depending on the political right of speech and the sustained development of economy, free trade finally became British foreign economic policy in 19th century, which was realized through interest preference, information and system in parliamentary reform.
【学位授予单位】：外交学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D756.1

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