协商民主视域下的偏好问题研究

发布时间：2018-03-22 02:29

本文选题：协商民主　切入点：偏好转换　出处：《吉林大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：20世纪80年代以来的民主经历了协商的重大理论转向，协商民主作为民主理论最新研究成果被寄予厚望，这种以偏好转换而不是偏好聚合为特点的民主理论被视为弥补投票民主缺陷、摆脱民主困境的最新民主范式。协商民主质疑投票民主偏好既定的前提预设，认为基于既定偏好的聚合型民主会违背民主价值，产生虚假性的、自私自利和不正当的偏好。针对聚合型民主的预设前提，协商民主提出了内生性偏好的概念，认为个人偏好不是静态不变而是在政治过程中动态转换的，并且需要付诸正当理由的合理性论证。协商民主试图通过偏好转换的方法修正投票民主和社会选择理论提出的共识无法达成的理论前提，它强调政治参与的价值，认为通过公民普遍参与的公共理性指导下的协商机制，通过理性讨论、真诚对话等形式能够实现以公共利益为核心的偏好转换，，最终达成集体共识并提升公民的公共精神。协商民主条件下实现的偏好转换主要可以归结为两种途径：第一种是通过公开而理性讨论尽量达成共识，从社会公共领域宽展到国家领域，上升为国家公共政策，降低甚至摆脱自由主义民主对投票的依赖程度。理性讨论可以尽量限制个人信息不足和私人观念的局限，促进原初的虚假性偏好转向更加真实的偏好；同时理性讨论是公开陈述理由的过程，公民会诉诸公共理由而转向以公共利益为取向的偏好。但共识的达成可遇而难求，通过理性讨论达成共识的观念受到了外界广泛批评和质疑，协商民主转向另一种思路即协商通过干预个人偏好可以限定进入决策程序的偏好排序的数量范围，这样就可以理清甚至减少选择和分歧的维度，使选民偏好呈现“单峰性”，避免循环投票问题的出现进而提升民主过程中投票的有效性质量。理性讨论是实现偏好转换同时也是协商民主的核心环节，但关于理性讨论的价值及理性讨论能否实现协商理想所预期的偏好转换，协商民主都未能给出令人信服的肯定答案。理性讨论价值何在？期待中的偏好转换能否如期所至？我们将在文章结尾展开反思。
[Abstract]:Since the 1980s, democracy has undergone a major theoretical turn of negotiation, and as the latest research result of democratic theory, it has been highly expected. This democratic theory, characterized by preference conversion rather than preference aggregation, is regarded as the latest democratic paradigm to remedy the shortcomings of voting democracy and to extricate itself from the dilemma of democracy. It is believed that the aggregate democracy based on the established preference will violate the democratic value and produce false, selfish and improper preferences. In view of the presupposition of the aggregate democracy, the concept of endogenous preference is put forward by the deliberative democracy. That personal preferences are not static but dynamic in the political process, And it needs to be justified and reasoned. The deliberative democracy tries to correct the theoretical premise that the consensus proposed by voting democracy and social choice theory cannot be reached through the method of preference conversion, which emphasizes the value of political participation. It is believed that through the consultation mechanism under the guidance of public reason, rational discussion, sincere dialogue and other forms, we can realize the conversion of preferences with public interests as the core, finally reach a collective consensus and promote the public spirit of citizens. The conversion of preferences under the conditions of deliberative democracy can be summed up into two ways: the first is to reach consensus through open and rational discussions, extending from the social public sphere to the national sphere, and rising to the state public policy. The rational discussion can limit the lack of personal information and the limitation of private idea, and promote the original false preference to turn to more real preference. At the same time, rational discussion is the process of making public statements of reasons. Citizens will resort to public reasons and turn to public interest oriented preferences. The idea of reaching a consensus through rational discussion has been widely criticized and questioned by the outside world. The idea of negotiating democracy turns to another way of thinking, that is, negotiation can limit the number of preferences that enter the decision-making process by intervening in individual preferences. In this way, we can clear up or even reduce the dimensions of choice and divergence, make voters' preference "uni-peak", avoid the appearance of circular voting problems, and then improve the quality of voting effectiveness in democratic process. Rational discussion is not only the core link of realizing preference conversion but also the core link of deliberative democracy. However, the value of rational discussion and whether rational discussion can realize the desired preference conversion of negotiation ideal can be achieved. Deliberative democracy has failed to give a convincing affirmative answer. What is the value of rational discussion? Is the expected preference shift on schedule? We will begin to reflect at the end of the article.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D621

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