元代农官制度研究

发布时间：2018-03-24 06:18

本文选题：元代　切入点：农官　出处：《西北农林科技大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：中国古代是以农立国,以农为本的国家,农耕文明是中华文明的重要组成部分。设官置职管理农业,是中国古代国家鼓励和推动农业生产的重要措施。蒙古族是游牧民族,对于农耕社会不了解也不重视。随着统治重心转移到中原汉地,他们也把游牧生产方式和习俗带进了中原地区。在其统治初期,国家农业处于停滞状态,经济的破坏极大的威胁着蒙元统治。蒙古统治者在与汉族地主和汉族知识分子的接触中逐步认识到“空其野为牧”所带来的巨大破坏作用,其统治方式也发生变化,逐渐建立了适应了中原汉地的封建经济和政治的制度。元代农业发展演变特点具有独特性。已有研究主要对元代农官设置、农桑水利、畜牧、救荒、仓储等的职能进行分析,未能对农官的学校、田赋等方面展开研究。本文运用矛盾分析法、文献研究法与交叉研究法,以制度变迁理论分析元代农官制度与元代农业生产发展之间的协同演变关系。首先,厘清元朝的农业管理机构设置,具体分析元代农官职责和工作内容以及元代农官设置特点。具体来说,设立劝农使、司农司等职,后被大司农司替代,总括管理农业生产管理,并依农田水利、屯田、畜牧、赈灾救荒及常平义仓等具体职能设置中央农业官职体系,在地方设立宣慰司、诸道提刑按察司、里正和主首等官职,负责劝课农桑,发布劝农文、推广农业生产技术与举察勤惰。农官设置具有临时性、管理范围大、管理分散、监察机构兼劝农事及地方官吏皆有劝农署衔等特点。其次,从农业的社会形态与管理,劝农文研究,元代农书所体现的农业科技等落实情况,具体分析元代农官设置积极作用及农官管理中存在的问题,分析农官制度与农业生产发展的协同演变关系。农官制度在扩大耕地面积、农业生产工具革新、粮食增产、人口增加、畜牧及农作物品种发展、农业生产环境改善等方面具有促进作用,并进一步强化农本意识,推动了农学发展,但也有扰民、弄虚作假、作用变质、农官疲于应付等诸多问题。本研究结论是,元代农官设置由重牧轻农业向农牧并重转变发展,元代建立了一个至上而下、从中央到地方的农业生产管理体系,以国家政治力量介入农耕社会,对元代农业经济的恢复和发展做出了重要贡献,有效地维持和延续着封建统治。证明元代农业管理机构设置的合理性及元代农官在农业生产发展中起到了巨大作用,同时也反映政策与实践之间可能存在的较大差距。农官设置与农业生产发展存在显著的协同演变特征。
[Abstract]:In ancient China, farming civilization was an important part of Chinese civilization. Setting up government posts to manage agriculture was an important measure to encourage and promote agricultural production in ancient China. They also brought nomadic production methods and customs into the Central Plains. At the beginning of their rule, the state's agriculture was at a standstill. The economic destruction was a great threat to the Mongol and Yuan rule. In their contacts with the Han landlords and Han intellectuals, the Mongolian rulers gradually realized the great destructive effect of "emptiness for grazing", and the way they ruled had also changed. Gradually established the system of feudal economy and politics adapted to the Central Plains and Han land. The characteristics of agricultural development and evolution in Yuan Dynasty were unique. The research mainly analyzed the functions of agriculture official establishment, mulberry water conservancy, animal husbandry, famine relief, storage and so on in Yuan Dynasty. This paper uses contradiction analysis, literature research method and cross-research method. Based on the theory of institutional change, this paper analyzes the cooperative evolution relationship between the agricultural official system of Yuan Dynasty and the development of agricultural production in Yuan Dynasty. First of all, it clarifies the establishment of agricultural management institutions in Yuan Dynasty. Concretely analyzing the responsibility and work content of agricultural officials in Yuan Dynasty, and the characteristics of setting up agricultural officials in Yuan Dynasty. Specifically, setting up the posts of advising agricultural envoys and departments of agriculture and agriculture, and then being replaced by the departments of agriculture and agriculture, and managing agricultural production and management in general, and according to the farmland water conservancy, opening up fields, and animal husbandry, etc. The specific functions of disaster relief and relief and Changping Yichang are to set up a central agricultural official system, set up a central agricultural official system at the local level, set up a department of propaganda and masturbation at the local level, put up a judicial department for punishment, Li Zheng and the chief official, who are responsible for persuading Nongsang to teach and issue a persuasive agricultural article. The establishment of agricultural officials is temporary, wide scope of management, decentralized management, supervision organizations and exhortations of agricultural and local officials have the title of urging agriculture bureau. Secondly, from the social form and management of agriculture, The paper analyzes the positive role of agricultural officials and the problems existing in the management of agricultural officials in the Yuan Dynasty, including the research on agricultural literature and the implementation of agricultural science and technology embodied in the agricultural books of Yuan Dynasty. This paper analyzes the relationship between agricultural official system and agricultural production development. Agricultural official system is expanding cultivated land area, innovating agricultural production tools, increasing grain production, increasing population, developing animal husbandry and crop varieties. The improvement of agricultural production environment and so on has the promotion function, and further strengthens the agriculture-based consciousness, has promoted the agronomy development, but also has many problems such as disturbing the people, defrauding, the function deterioration, the agriculture official is tired to deal with and so on. The conclusion of this study is:. In the Yuan Dynasty, agricultural officials set up a system of agricultural production and management from the central to the local level, and intervened in the farming society with the political power of the state. It made an important contribution to the recovery and development of agricultural economy in Yuan Dynasty and effectively maintained and continued the feudal rule. It proved the rationality of the establishment of agricultural management institutions in Yuan Dynasty and the great role played by agricultural officials in the development of agricultural production in Yuan Dynasty. At the same time, it also reflects the possible gap between policy and practice. There is a significant synergistic evolution between the setting up of agricultural officials and the development of agricultural production.
【学位授予单位】：西北农林科技大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K247;D691.42

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