一党独大政党体制与有限政治竞争新加坡政治模式分析

发布时间：2018-06-05 02:39

本文选题：一党独大 + 有限竞争　；参考：《中共中央党校》2015年博士论文

【摘要】：学界对于新加坡案例的关注热潮主要源于它在儒家文化背景下取得了举世瞩目的发展成果,同时也源于它在西方自由民主大行其道的背景下选择了不同的民主道路。笔者的关切在于新加坡案例是否在某种意义上提供了一种对于民主模式的不同的评判标准和思考路径?众所周知,现代民主政治在程序上的实现基础是普遍的选举制。抛开形式上的差异,选举实质上是一种竞争。随着现代政党的产生,政治竞争的主要载体就变成了各个政党。因此,可以简单地说现代民主政治就是不同的政党相互竞争以获得选民支持,从而掌握国家权力并推行其执政理念的过程。所以竞争可以被视为理解现代民主政治的一个关键词。同样是政治竞争,但是不同国家的政治竞争(主要是政党竞争)在程度上存在着差异。笔者认为政治竞争的程度划分可以为我们提供一个重新理解民主标准的新视角。政治竞争(主要是政党间竞争)在程度上呈现出连续谱状的分布。依据竞争激烈程度的不同可以分为没有竞争、有限竞争、无限竞争和无序竞争这样基本的四种类型。现代民主政治中各国的政治实践主要是有限竞争和无限竞争间的差异,完全的没有竞争和缺失基本宪法框架的无序竞争已经较少存在。笔者认为相较于无限竞争,有限竞争具有能够克服非理性选民带来的不良政策选择;增加政策的连续性;促进社会的整合等方面的优势。通过分析新加坡的政治结构,笔者认为新加坡一党独大的政党体制属于有限竞争类型。正是上述有限竞争所具有的这些优势促使新加坡取得了发展上的奇迹。包括新加坡在内的大量第三波浪潮中转型的新兴国家的案例说明,对于民主的评判不能简单地照搬西方的民主标准,民主的实现形式也不能简单地照抄西方的代议制民主模式,而是需要依据国情的不同而有所选择。选择何种民主模式最终的判断依据应该是政府的治理效果,或者说政府的“善治”。新加坡作为政府“善治”的一个好样板,它的独特的政党间竞争关系对于新加坡政治的发展具有重要的推动作用。因此,以新加坡为例,通过分析它的政党制度以及政党间竞争关系对于我们进一步思考民主的实现形式有着重要的理论和现实意义。新加坡的政党制度属于一党独大政党制度,政党之间是一种有限政治竞争关系。本文所要回答的问题是,这种有限政治竞争在新加坡政治中是如何从制度结构上体现的?新加坡为何会形成这种有限政治竞争的模式?新加坡有限政治竞争的效果如何?它是否具有某种意义的普遍性?基于对这些问题的思考,文章分为了五个部分,第一个部分是理论分析,主要介绍不同的政党竞争类型与民主的关系,说明有限竞争所存在的价值;第二部分介绍了新加坡有限竞争的发展历程,从历史纵向脉络分析其有限竞争的发展和演变;第三部分主要是从行为者主体角度,也即从执政党、反对党和选民这三类主要的政治行为者角度讨论新加坡有限竞争在制度框架上是如何体现的;第四部分着重思考新加坡有限竞争背后的政治价值基础;第五部分作为文章的结论部分,分析了有限竞争为新加坡政治发展所带来的价值,新加坡有限竞争在新时代所遇到的挑战以及有限政治竞争对于后发展国家民主政治的启示等内容。总之,新加坡作为一个独特的样本,它成功的政党间有限竞争样式为我们提供了一个重新思考政党体制与民主模式的新视角。
[Abstract]:The concern of the academic community in Singapore is mainly due to its remarkable development in the context of Confucian culture. It also stems from the choice of different democratic roads in the context of liberal democracy in the West. The concern of the case of Singapore is whether the Singapore case has provided a kind of democracy in a sense. The different criteria and thinking path of the model? As we all know, the basis of the realization of modern democratic politics is the universal electoral system. The election is a kind of competition in essence. With the emergence of modern political parties, the main carrier of political competition becomes all political parties. Therefore, it is simple to say modern democracy. Politics is the process that different political parties compete with each other to gain the support of the voters, so as to master the power of the state and carry out their ruling ideas. So competition can be regarded as a key word for understanding modern democracy. It is also a political competition, but the political competition in different countries (the main party competition) is different in degree. The extent of the level of political competition can provide a new perspective for us to reunderstand the standards of democracy. Political competition (mainly inter party competition) shows a continuous distribution in degree. According to the different degree of competition, the basic four can be divided into no competition, limited competition, unlimited competition and disordered competition. The political practice of countries in modern democracy is mainly the difference between limited competition and unlimited competition, and the total disorderly competition without competition and lack of basic constitutional framework has been less. The continuity of the policy and the advantages of promoting the integration of society. Through the analysis of the political structure of Singapore, the author thinks that the one party single party system in Singapore belongs to the type of limited competition. It is the advantages of the limited competition that has made Singapore achieve a miracle of development. A large number of third waves, including Singapore, have been made. The case of the emerging countries in the tide of transition shows that the judgment of democracy can not simply copy the democratic standards of the west, and the form of democracy can not simply copy the representative democratic model of the west, but it needs to be selected according to the different national conditions. As a good model for the government's "good governance", Singapore is a good model for the government's "good governance". Its unique competitive relationship between political parties plays an important role in promoting the political development of Singapore. Therefore, taking Singapore as an example, the analysis of its political party system and the competitive relationship between political parties will further reflect on us. The form of democratic realization has important theoretical and practical significance. The party system in Singapore belongs to one party single party system and a limited political competition relationship between political parties. The question to be answered in this paper is how this limited political competition is reflected in the structure of Singapore's politics and why Singapore will form this The model of limited political competition? What is the effect of the limited political competition in Singapore? Is it universal in some sense? Based on the consideration of these problems, the article is divided into five parts. The first part is the theoretical analysis, which mainly introduces the relationship between the different types of party competition and democracy, and explains the value of the limited competition. The second part introduces the development course of limited competition in Singapore and analyzes the development and evolution of its limited competition from the historical longitudinal context. The third part mainly discusses how the limited competition in Singapore is in the institutional framework from the angle of the actor subject, that is, from the angle of the ruling party, the opposition party and the electorate, the three main political actors. The fourth part focuses on the political value foundation behind the limited competition in Singapore; the fifth part, as the conclusion of the article, analyzes the value brought by the limited competition for the political development of Singapore, the challenges in the new era of Singapore's limited competition and the opening of the limited political competition to the post development of national democracy. In short, as a unique sample, Singapore's limited competition among its successful parties provides us with a new perspective to rethink the political party system and the democratic model.
【学位授予单位】：中共中央党校
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D733.9

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