公民社会的兴起与政府治理模式的转变

  本文关键词：公民社会的兴起与政府治理模式的转变，由笔耕文化传播整理发布。

公民社会的兴起与政府治理模式的转变

公民社会的兴起与政府治理模式的转变

革新开放以来,随着我国计划经济体制向市场经济体制转变,政府对经济和社会的管理由直接到间接、由宏观到微观、由管制到服务,原来由政府承担的部分职能逐步向社会转移。在这个过程中,社会与国家逐渐分离,国家对社会的制约日益减弱,个人的自由度和社会的自主性也不断得到提升,这促使公民为了实现或维护自己的利益组成各种各样民问组织。随着民间组织力量的不断壮大,它们在弥补市场失灵和政府失灵、关注弱势群体、维护和推动社会公平以及保障人权等方面都发挥了重要作用。同时以民间组织的大量涌现为重要特点的公民社会的兴起,使社会呈现出新的特点和趋势。公民社会主张个人主义,认为国家是为了保护和增进个人的权利和利益而存在的;强调多硕博在线论文网性和多样性,要求思想多硕博在线论文网化,个人生活方式多硕博在线论文网化,社会主体多样化;提倡参与性,认为公民参与国家政治生活是公民社会的重要内涵;崇尚法治,强调公共权力的权限和运行都必须符合宪法和法律的规定,反对其对公民个人权利的侵害;尊重社会自治,公民社会的重要特点就是相对于国家的独立性和自主性,公民在社会领域具有广泛的自治权。而公民社会的这些特点对我国当前的政府治理模式提出了严峻的挑战,因为我国现在的政府治理过程中还存在许许多多的不足,比如社会管理的主体仍然过于单一,管理的手段简单化,政府管理方式呈单线化、缺少社会的合作和公民的参与、政府的服务意识淡薄、政府提供的政治参与渠道不畅通、政府的供给能力相对不足、行政侵权和权大于法等不足都还没有得到很好的解决。这些不足的存在说明我们迫切需要革新政府治理模式以适应公民社会的发展。本文针对此不足,提出了政府治理模式转变的四个目标:1.服务政府。在民主制度的框架下,通过法定的程序,按照公民意志组建起来,以为公民服务为宗旨,实现服务职能,承担服务责任的政府。它彻底摈弃了官本位、政府本位的观念,以公民本位、社会本位的观念为指导,把政府定位于服务者的角色,坚持从公众的切身利益出发,主动满足公众的需求。2.有限政府。这是相对于无限政府或者说是全能政府而言的,它是在政府失灵、市场失灵和公民社会自主发展的综合需求的基础上建立起来的。它一方面要求在市场经济的条件下,政府的职能和权力规模都应该受到宪法和法律明确的限制,强调政府的宏观调控和社会的自我管理,尊重市场发展的客观规律,发挥政府和社会各自的优势。另一方面意味着政府必须倾听民众的呼声,鼓励民众参与政府行政的过程,接受民众的监督并在合理的授权范围内活动。但是需要强调的是有限政府并不是要弱化政府的效能,而是期望使政府的能力以低成本来满足社会对公共物品的需求。因此,有限政府的核心内涵是降低政府的行政成本,提高政府的行政效率,建立一个强而有力和廉洁高效的政府。3.民主政府。就是指大多数人统治的政府,在实际运作过程中,政府是在全体公民的同意、监督和制约下对社会进行管理。在这种民主的气氛下,政府与社会、政府与人民不再是紧张的压迫关系,而是委托与代理的关系。政府通过健全民主制度,丰富民主的形式保证人民依法民主选举、民主决策、民主管理和民主监督,最终来保障公民的权利和自由。公民则通过有序的政治参与来监督和制约政府,保证政府在多数人的意志下行使公共权力。4.法治政府。这是建设法治国家的关键,是发展社会主义民主政治和社会主义政治文明的必定要求。所谓法治政府就是依法治理社会的政府,要求政府机关依法行政,追求政府行为的法治化。对此,我们可以从两个方面来理解:一方面,政府是法治的主体,公民和社会是法治的客体。法治国家的政治生活和公共管理必须依法进行,在法制的轨道上运作,而不承认任何没有法律依据的行政权力和行政行为。另一方面,政府是法治的客体,而公民和社会是法治的主体。法治政府的本质在于尊重作为法治主体的公民和社会的法治权,即通过民主政治制度和宪法法律来制约政府权力。根据对法治政府的涵义解读,建设法治政府首先在于依法治理政府,其次在于政府依法治理社会。

【Abstract】 Since reform and opening up, along with our country transferring from planned economy system to market economy system, the economical and society’s management begin to shift from direct to indirect, from macroscopic to microscopic, from control to the service. And the partial functions which should be undertaken by the government originally shift to the society gradually. In this process, the society separates from the country gradually and the state social control weakens day by day. Personal freedom and the autonomy of the community also has been continuously upgrading, which urges the citizen to form various kinds of civil society organizations in order to achieve or maintain their own interests. With the strength of civil society organizations growing, they not only make up for the market failure and government failure and concern for the disadvantaged groups, but also safeguard and promote social justice and the protection of human rights and play an important role in other aspects. At the same time the large number of non-government organizations have emerged as important characteristics of the rise of civil society, the society has some new characteristics and trends. The civil society advocates the individualism. This means that why the country exists is to protect and promote individual right and the benefit; the civil society stresses plurality and diversity for ideological pluralism, personal lifestyle pluralism and the main social diversity; the civil society promotes participation and this means that citizen’s participation in the country’s political life is important components of civil society; the civil society upholds the rule of law and stresses that the public power authority and operation must be consistent with the constitution and the law to protect the rights of the individual, the civil society respects the autonomy of social, civil society’s key character is opposite in the national independence and the independency, the citizen have the widespread autonomy in the social domain. Civil society’s these characteristics present the stern challenges to the current managing pattern of our government, because our government have many problems in the process of managing society. for instance, social management’s main body was too still unitary; the management method simplifies and the government’s mode of administration assumes the single track by lacking the social cooperation and citizen’s participation; government’s service consciousness is light; government participation in the administration of political channels blocked; government’s supplies ability is relatively insufficient and the administrative right infringement and the power is bigger than the law. These issues have not yet been satisfactorily resolved. These questions’ existence shows that we urgently need to reform the government’s managing pattern to adapt civil society’s development. This article in view of these questions, and proposes four goals for changes in the governance model. 1st, The service government, the government is set up according to democratic system’s frame, the legal procedure and the citizen’s will, and it’s aim is to realize the service function, undertake the service responsibility and serve for the citizen for the objective. It has abandoned the officialdom standard-based, and regards the citizen-based, community-based concept as a guide. The government insists on the immediate interests of the public and takes the initiative to meet the needs of the government’s position on the role of services. 2nd, limited government, as compared to unlimited government or the omnipotent government, it is built up on the basis of the market failures and government failures and the development of independent civil society. On the one hand, it requires that the government’s functions and powers of the scale should be subject to the constitution and the law clearly restriction under the conditions of market economy and stresses that the government’s macro-control and social self-management, respects for the objective laws of market development. The government and the community should play their respective strengths. On the other hand, the government must listen to the voice of the people, to encourage people to participate in the administration of the process and accept the supervision of the people. However, this is not to weaken the effectiveness of the government but hope to meet the social needs of public goods with the low cost. Therefore, the core substance of limited government is to reduce the government’s administrative costs, improve the government’s administrative efficiency and build a strong, honest and efficient government. 3nd, democratic government. It refers to the fact that the government should operate under the supervision and restriction of social management on the basis of the consent of all citizens. In such an atmosphere of democracy, the relationship between the government and society, the government and people is no longer the tense oppression relations, but the relationship between the commission and agents. Government must adopt a sound democratic system to enrich the forms of democracy to guarantee democratic election, democratic decision-making, democratic management and democratic supervision, and ultimately safeguard the citizen’s rights and freedoms. Citizens monitor and restrict the government through the participation in political affairs in an orderly manner to ensure that the will of the majority of people in the exercise of public power. 4nd, the rule of law, building the rule of law is the key to the development of socialist democracy and a socialist political civilization, an inevitable requirement. The so-called rule of law is the law of the governance community, requests the organs of administration according to law, the pursuit of the rule of law. In this regard, we can understand from the two following aspects: On the one hand, the government is the main body , civil society and rule of law is the object. Rule of law in the country’s political life and public administration must be carried out according to law, the rule of law operate on the track, rather than admit that there is no any administrative power and the administrative behavior without legal basis . On the other hand, the government is the object, civil society and the rule of law is the main body. The nature of the rule of law is to respect the law, that is, through the democratic and political system and constitutional law to restrain government power. According to the meaning of the rule of law building a law-based government lies first and foremost in managing the government according to the law, followed by the government managing society according to the law.

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  本文关键词：公民社会的兴起与政府治理模式的转变，由笔耕文化传播整理发布。