老龄化中的女性化趋势对基本养老保险制度的影响研究

发布时间：2018-01-20 17:08

本文关键词： 老龄化中的女性化趋势养老保险制度公平可持续　出处：《东北财经大学》2016年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：中国已经步入人口老龄化社会,社会形态表现为"未富先老"、老年人口规模大、增长速度快,在性别结构上,随着人口老龄化速率的加快,老年人口呈现出女性化结构趋势。本文通过测算证实,在人口结构方面,截止到2050年,我国65岁及以上老年人口占总人口比重为24.64%,老年抚养比为2.42,在人口性别方面,截止到2050年,60岁及以上老年女性占老年人口总量的54%,80岁及以上老年女性占老年人口总量的59%,未来几十年,中国老年群体的性别比例失衡现象严重,老龄化女性化趋势明显。养老保险制度作为社会保险的五大险种之一,承担着帮助老年人安度晚年的重要责任,面临人口结构变化的压力,只有保持并推进养老保险制度的公平性和可持续性建设,才能解决未来一段时期内的养老问题,满足老群体随着经济进步而日益提高的养老需求,才能为实现"两个百年"的奋斗目标创造安定、祥和的社会环境,才能贯彻落实"十三五"规划的重要内容,早日实现"全面建成小康社会"的宏伟目标。本文在对国内外相关研究成果进行述评后,以公平正义理论、可持续发展理论、收入再分配理论、帕累托最优理论和结构功能理论为理论基础,综合运用规范分析法、实证分析法和比较分析法分别对我国城乡居民养老保险制度、企业职工养老保险制度和机关事业单位职工养老保险制度的实施现状进行了研究和性别差异分析,根据分析显示,无论是在哪一种养老保险的制度下,女性都呈现出比男性养老保险缴费实力弱、缴费时间短及领取时间长的特点,直接制约了养老保险制度的公平性和可持续性建设。为证实我国老龄人口女性化的结构趋势,本文采取"分要素预测法",以2010年中国的第六次人口普查数据为基础,分年龄分性别预测了 2011-2050年的人口数据并得出以下结论:第一,中国60岁及以上老年人口中的女性占比一直保持在50%以上,老年群体中女性的人口总量明显高于男性;第二,中国80岁及以上高龄女性占比明显高于60岁及以上老龄女性占比,其中,60岁及以上女性占比保持在51%-54%,80岁及以上女性占比则保持在57%以上,平均高出6个百分点左右;第三,在这40年间,中国老年女性占比具有明显的上升趋势,从2010年到2050年,80岁及以上女性占比大约从58%上升至59%,60岁及以上女性占比则从51%左右提高至54%,面临如此严峻的形势,老龄化中的女性化趋势对我国基本养老保险制度的影响应引起足够重视。为展开深入研究,本文分别从公平视角和可持续视角对老龄人口女性化趋势给我国养老保险制度带来的引致效应进行了深入分析。研究证实,公平视角下,女性对家庭的付出得不到经济补偿,弱化了女性养老保险的缴费能力,造成了起点不公平;女性比男性缴纳更少的养老金,却占用更多的养老资源,进而导致了过程不公平和结果不公平,背了养老保险制度公平的理念。可持续视角下,老龄化女性化趋势致使养老金支付压力大增、引发养老金收支失衡;缺乏有效的激励机制、影响养老金缴纳的积极性,进而影响了养老保险制度的可持续发展。针对上述问题,本文以"十三五"规划中对社会保障制度建设的相关部署为指导方向,提出了相应的对策建议,以期对老龄化女性化趋势下我国养老保险制度的公平性和可持续性建设有一定的参考理论意义和借鉴的实际价值。公平视角下,应完善个人账户、确保参保人权益,建立夫妻间养老金关联机制,提高妻子养老保险待遇的协同度,同时还应建立家务劳动补贴制度,正视女性对家庭的付出。可持续视角下,应实行基础养老金全国统筹、推动养老保险制度全国统筹,拓宽筹资渠道、确保养老保险基金来源,提高女性退休年龄、减小养老保险基金支付压力,同时还要注重优化女性就业环境、提升女性人力资本存量,完善立法、为养老保险制度可持续发展提供法律环境。
[Abstract]:Chinese has entered the aging society, the social form is "old before getting rich", the size of the elderly population, rapid growth rate, on the sex structure, with the population aging rate, the elderly population has a feminine structure trend. This paper through the calculation confirmed that in the population structure, by the end of 2050, China's elderly population aged 65 and above accounted for 24.64% of the total population, the elderly dependency ratio is 2.42 and the population in terms of gender, by the end of 2050, elderly women aged 60 years and above accounted for 54% of the total population of the elderly, the elderly aged 80 and older women accounted for the total elderly population of 59%, in the next few decades, the gender imbalance the phenomenon of China elderly female aging serious, the trend is obvious. As one of the five types of social insurance pension insurance system, undertakes the important responsibility to help the elderly, facing the changes of population structure Only, maintain and promote the fairness of old-age insurance system and sustainable development, in order to solve the pension problem in the next period of time, to meet the old group with the economic development and the increasing demand of pension, in order to achieve the "two 100 year" goal to create a stable and harmonious social environment, in order to implement the "an important part of 13th Five-Year" plan, the early realization of the grand goal of building a well-off society ". This paper makes a review of relevant research results at home and abroad, with the theory of fairness and justice, sustainable development theory, income redistribution theory, Pareto optimality theory and structure function theory, the integrated use of normative analysis, empirical analysis comparison and analysis of China's endowment insurance system for urban and rural residents, the status of implementation of the old-age insurance system for employees and Institutions Pension Insurance System The research and analysis of gender differences, according to the analysis, no matter in what kind of pension insurance system, women are more than men to pay old-age insurance payment time is short and the strength of the weak, for long time, directly restricts the endowment insurance system of equitable and sustainable construction. In order to confirm the structural trend China's aging population feminization, this article takes the "element prediction method", in the sixth census data in 2010 Chinese based on age gender predicted population data of 2011-2050 and draws the following conclusions: first, Chinese people aged 60 and above in the proportion of women has remained above 50% the total population of women, older age groups are significantly higher than that in male; second, Chinese over 80 years of age was significantly higher than the proportion of women aged 60 and older aged women accounted for more than 60 years and, among them, the protection of women In 51%-54%, women aged 80 and over accounted remain above 57%, an average of 6 percentage points; third, in the past 40 years, accounting for Chinese elderly women increased significantly than with trend, from 2010 to 2050, women aged 80 years and above accounted for approximately 59% of women increased from 58% to 60. And above the proportion increased from about 51% to 54%, facing a grim situation of female aging trend in China's basic pension insurance system should be paid more attention. For in-depth research, this paper from the perspective of fairness and sustainable perspective on the feminization of aging population trend to cause effect brought me the pension system in China was analyzed. The research shows that, from the perspective of fairness, the women of the family to pay no compensation, weakening the ability to pay women pension insurance, which starting point is not fair; women than men to pay Less pension, but occupy more resources endowment, which led to the process of injustice and unfair result, back concept of endowment insurance system fair. From the perspective of sustainable, the aging trend in female pension payment pressure, raised the pension payments imbalances; lack of effective incentive mechanism, the positive impact of pension payment then, affect the sustainable development of the endowment insurance system. Aiming at the above problems, based on the "13th Five-Year" in the planning of the social security system construction deployment as the guidance, put forward corresponding countermeasures and suggestions, in order to have the reference certain theoretical significance of fairness and sustainable construction of China's endowment insurance system for the aged women under the trend of the actual value. From the perspective of fairness, we should perfect the personal accounts, to ensure that the interests of insured persons, establish the association between husband and wife pension mechanism, improve the wife Synergetic degree of sub pension benefits, but also should establish the housework subsidy system, face up to the women of the family to pay. From the perspective of sustainable, should implement the national basic pension co-ordination, promote the old-age insurance system at national level, broaden the financing channels, to ensure that the origin of endowment insurance fund, raising the retirement age for women, reduce the pressure of payment of endowment insurance fund at the same time, but also pay attention to the optimization of female employment environment, enhance the female human capital stock, improve legislation, provide legal environment for the sustainable development of the pension system.

【学位授予单位】：东北财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：C913.68;F842.67

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