日本介护劳动力市场供给与需求分析

发布时间：2018-01-21 07:15

本文关键词： 日本介护服务长期护理保险介护劳动力市场介护劳动力需求介护劳动力供给　出处：《东北师范大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：人口老龄化问题起源于西方,法国、瑞典、英国、德国是世界上最早进入老龄化社会的国家。截至2015年近十年时间世界上老龄化程度最高、并已成为超老龄化国家(老龄化率超过21%)的是日本、意大利、希腊和德国。我国于2000年进入老龄化社会(老龄化率超过7%),尽管程度尚不严重但人口基数庞大致使老年人口数量稳居世界第一。所以,解决老年人养老护理服务需求不仅是发达国家的课题也是我国的难题。本文从日本的介护保险体系师承德国、地理上与我国同属亚洲、受中国文化影响颇深、是韩国与台湾地区介护服务体系的模板等角度考虑,最终决定以日本介护劳动力市场为研究对象。所以在养老护理服务方面日本较其他国家（地区）更为适合成为我国的借鉴对象。尽管如此,日本在发展介护产业过程中仍存在很多问题,追本求源是劳动力的问题。所以厘清日本介护劳动力市场出现的问题及原因,结合我国国情为发展我国养老护理服务业劳动力市场提出启示是本文的最主要目的。论文一共分为七章。第一章根据我国老龄化进程较快、养老护理服务需求日益增加,提出问题并说明研究方法与内容。第二章相关理论与文献综述部分是本文的理论基础。主要分为理论基础、文献综述和概念界定与专有名词释义三部分。首先从政策与福利(福利国家理论、政府职能理论、福利多元理论、公共产品理论)、个人选择(选择行为理论、生命周期理论)和劳动力需求与供给(劳动力需求理论、劳动力供给理论、人力资本理论)三个方面对已有理论进行梳理。其次分别从国外和国内两个方面围绕介护产业、劳动力供求及预测展开文献综述。最后在理论、文献的基础上整理出研究所必需的相关概念与专有名词进行界定和释义。第三章日本人口老龄化与介护体系发展历程部分,首先介绍了日本人口老龄化快速增长趋势。并从年龄结构变化、人口构造变化、老龄化原因、老龄化带来的影响四个方面进行分析。在之后的发展历程中将日本介护体系分为三个不同的时间段即60-70年代从社会福利到老年人免费医疗、80-90年代从老年人保健到介护保险、21世纪至今介护保险的实施与修订。并对日本介护体系进行从社会福利的开端——老人福祉法的制定,到创设老年人保健机构推行金色计划,最后到创设介护保险制度并进行系统修订的系列过程进行总结。第四章日本介护劳动力市场现状分析部分,首先对介护产业劳动力发展的现状从培养历程和市场结构两个方面进行了描述。培养方面从专门学校开设数量、人才培养数量、国家相关资格考取情况和从业者趋势出发;市场结构方面主要分析了居家、日日托、机构、社区机构内从业者分配情况。其次通过培养、市场现状的分析对介护劳动力市场的特征进行了总结,发现有效求人倍率整体上升、离职率与就业率都高于产业平均、非正规就业者占比较大的特征;最后基于明赛尔工资方程增加研修变量利用日本介护产业从业者样本数据对影响介护劳动力工资的因素进行分析。第五章日本介护劳动力市场需求分析部分,首先利用效用函数对从家庭到社会介护服务需求进行了兼顾理论分析的模型推导。再此基础上分别从居家、日托、介护保险指定机构、社区四种介护服务类型区分整体、平均、需要介护等级三个方面对社会介护需求现状进行了统计性描述。其次对影响社会介护服务的经济、社会、个体、其他因素进行了分析,最后在讨论能够预测传统产业劳动力市场需求的柯布道格拉斯并不适用于本研究后,对日本介护服务相关国家标准进行了整理,对介护劳动力需求进行理论推测。第六章日本介护劳动力市场供给分析部分,首先对影响介护劳动力供给的因素进行理论讨论,认为工资、政策能够影响介护劳动力供给。其次,利用介护产业劳动力样本数据基于劳动时间工资效率模型对介护劳动力市场的影响因素进行分职业、就业形态的实证研究。最后,基于灰色模型对介护产业劳动力供给进行预测。第七章日本介护劳动力市场对我国的启示部分,在总结我国人口老龄化问题具有老年人就业率低、经济来源较单一、空巢老人与失独老人的出现、失能半失能老人的剧增特点的基础上,对我国养老模式(传统的家庭养老模式、机构养老模式、社区养老模式、医养结合模式等)进行了梳理。之后对我国养老护理服务业现存问题进行了总结。最后在现有问题的基础上结合日本介护产业劳动力市场的经验对我国养老护理服务业发展提出政策建议。结合定性与定量的研究,本文得出主要结论:第一,未来的介护劳动力市场将会越来越繁荣;第二,养老护理服务正经历从家庭到社会的需求转变;第三,经济、社会、个体等因素会影响介护劳动力需求;第四,工资、社会保障给付方式等因素影响介护劳动力供给;第五,介护劳动力需求与供给之间存在缺口;第六,中国养老护理服务需求量很大,仍有上升空间。
[Abstract]:The origin of the problem of aging population in the west, France, Sweden, the UK, Germany is the earliest entered the aging society in the world. As of 2015, nearly ten years the world's highest degree of aging, and has become the super aging countries (the aging rate of more than 21%) is Japan, Italy, Greece and Germany. China has entered the aging society in 2000 (the aging rate of more than 7%), although the extent is not serious but a large population resulting in the number of elderly population ranked first in the world. So, to address the needs of nursing service for the elderly is not only the problem of developed countries is also in China. From the Japanese nursing insurance system from Germany, geography and China belong to Asia, and was deeply influenced by Chinese cultural influence, is South Korea and Taiwan area nursing service system such as the template into consideration, the final decision to the Japanese nursing labor market as the research object. The nursing service in Japan than in other countries (regions) is more suitable to become China's reference object. Nevertheless, there are still many problems in the development of Japanese nursing industry process, track the source is labor. So to clarify the Japanese nursing problems and reasons of the labor market, combined with China's national conditions the inspiration for the development of China's old-age care service industry labor market is the main purpose of this paper. This paper is divided into seven chapters. The first chapter according to China's rapid aging process, the nursing service demand is increasing, problems and illustrates the research methods and contents. The second chapter is related theory and literature review part is the theoretical basis of this paper the main points. Based on the theory of literature review and definition of the concept definition and terminology of three parts. Firstly, from the policy and welfare (welfare state theory, government function theory, welfare pluralism In theory, the theory of public goods), personal choice (choice behavior theory, life cycle theory) and labor demand and supply (labor demand theory, labor supply theory, human capital theory) three aspects of the existing theory. Second, from the two aspects of foreign and domestic care around the industry, and to predict the supply and demand of labor in the theory of literature review. Finally, on the basis of the literature for the definition and interpretation of sorting out the related concepts necessary for research and proper nouns. Chapter third of Japan's population aging and care system development part, first introduced the rapid growth of Japan's population aging trend. And from the age structure changes, demographic changes, aging the causes and the impact of the four aspects of aging were analyzed. The development process in the wake of the Japanese nursing system is divided into three different periods: from 60-70's agency Will the free medical welfare to the elderly, from the 80-90's to the elderly health care insurance, since twenty-first Century implementation and revision of care insurance. And the Japanese nursing care system was developed from the beginning of social welfare, welfare law, to create a health care institution for the elderly to implement golden color plan, and finally to the series of process creation nursing insurance system and revision are summarized. The fourth chapter is the analysis of Japanese nursing labor market situation, the current status of nursing labor industry development from two aspects: cultivating process and market structure are described. The cultivation of specialized schools from the number, number of personnel training, and obtain relevant national qualifications the structure of the market trend of practitioners; the main analysis of the home, day care, institutions, practitioners of distribution institutions. Secondly through the cultivation of community, the analysis of the market situation Care of the labor market characteristics are summarized, found that the opening rate of the overall rise, the turnover rate and the employment rate is higher than the industry average, informal employment accounted for relatively large features; finally Mincerian wage equation based on increased training variables using Japanese nursing industry practitioners sample data, analyzing the influence factors of nursing labor wages the fifth chapter Japanese nursing labor market demand analysis part, firstly, the utility function of from the family to the community care service needs of both the model theoretical analysis. On the basis of this, from home, day care, nursing insurance agencies designated community care service, four types of overall, average, need three aspects of care level needs support on social status mediated the statistical description. Then the effects of social care service economy, society, individual and other factors. In the last analysis, Cobb Douglas discussion can predict the traditional industry labor market demand does not apply to this study, the Japanese nursing care service related national standard is carried out, to care for the labor demand theory. The sixth chapter of Japanese nursing labor market supply analysis part, firstly the influence factors of nursing labor supply the theoretical discussion that wage policy can affect the nursing labor supply. Secondly, using the sample data of industrial labor nursing labor time efficiency wage model based on the effect on nursing labor market factors of occupation, an empirical study on the employment form. Finally, the grey model to predict the nursing labor supply industry based on seventh. The Enlightenment part Japanese nursing labor market of our country, summarizes the problem of population aging in China with the elderly employment rate is low, the With a single source, Empty Nester and the loss of independence of the elderly, based in half of the elderly can increase loss, of our pension model (the traditional model of family pension, pension institutions, community support, medical support binding mode) are reviewed. The existing problems in China's pension nursing services are summarized. And put forward some policy suggestions on the development of China's old-age care services based on the existing problems on the combination of Japanese nursing industry labor market experience. Research on qualitative and quantitative analysis, the main conclusions of this paper: first, the future of the nursing labor market will become more and more prosperous; second, nursing the service is changing from the family to the society needs change; third, economic, social, individual and other factors will affect the nursing labor demand; fourth, wages, social security payments and other factors to nursing workforce Supply; fifth, there is a gap between the demand for the protection of labor and the supply of labor. Sixth, there is a large demand for nursing care services in China, and there is still room for rise.

【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：F249.313

【参考文献】