水源地保护区生态补偿制度研究

发布时间：2018-05-18 09:56

本文选题：水源地保护区 + 生态补偿　；参考：《山东农业大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：水源地保护区是国家对水源地加以特殊保护而划定的区域,其设立可以保护和改善水源地的生态环境,缓解由于经济的高增长带来的一系列环境污染问题,保障用水安全,从而促进经济社会全面协调可持续发展。虽然保护区的建立在一定程度上保障了用水安全,但是也存在诸多隐患,其中最重要的问题之一是如何解决保护区内居民的生存与生态问题。建立生态补偿制度是解决水源地保护区所面临的生存和保护问题的有效途径,是下一步生态文明建设的重点,同时也是建立和完善我国流域生态补偿机制的核心内容,并且已经成为我国保护流域水资源生态安全和解决经济社会发展失衡的问题的重要手段和迫切需要。本文根据特别牺牲理论和利益相关者理论,从减少生态环境破坏的角度,分别探讨了水源地保护区土地利用者、企业和居民的补偿范围、补偿标准和补偿方式。主要研究内容包括:(1)水源地保护区生态补偿的调查分析。保护区的设立必然会对当地居民的生产、生活及社会经济发展带来一定影响。为了更好地解决“谁补偿谁、补偿多少、如何补偿”问题,本文利用条件价值评估法设计了调查问卷,选取山东等省的12个地市的水源地保护区进行了实地调查,得到了处于一级、二级和准保护区的有效问卷645份,并针对当地居民对保护区的认知、生态补偿现状以及对现有生态补偿的满意度等方面进行了分析。通过分析发现,水源地保护区居民对保护区的设立和生态环境保护具有良好的认知;当前的生态补偿覆盖面主要涉及一级保护区;大多数当地居民对现有补偿标准不满意,通过建立回归模型发现,被调查者的年龄、家庭年收入、所处保护区类型以及补偿标准对生态补偿满意度的影响高度显著。(2)界定水源地保护区生态补偿主客体及补偿范围。首先对水源地保护区生态补偿中的利益相关者及其利益诉求进行了识别和分析,并通过建立博弈模型,进一步分析了各利益相关主体的行为选择。在此基础上,分别从土地利用、经营企业和居民生活三个方面对其补偿范围进行了界定。由于对水源地保护区的土地利用管制,是基于增加公共利益而设定的,因此如果这种土地利用管制造成区内的土地所有权人需承受超出一般的社会责任而形成了损害,则需补偿,反之则不需补偿;对于保护区内的企业来说,为了保护生态环境,企业需要搬迁、关闭或转产限产,这些对于企业的限制行为造成了企业效益下降,需要进行补偿;对于保护区的居民来说,分为生态移民和生活受限居民,应该按照其所受限制的类型,确定需要完全补偿还是适当补偿。(3)水源地保护区生态补偿标准的核算。补偿标准的核算是生态补偿的难点和重点,在明确了补偿范围之后,针对禁止利用、限制土地利用和改变土地利用这三种情况下的补偿标准分别进行了测算。禁止土地利用需要政府与土地所有者就产权进行补偿,其补偿标准由两种方式形成:一是由第三方对土地价值进行评估所形成的标准,二是参照同类土地市场价格;限制土地利用要根据其受限程度的不同确定土地受限补偿系数,每年的补偿金额可以利用土地现值、土地面积和土地受限补偿系数来计算;改变土地利用要综合考虑土地利用方式改变后产出的减少、经营方式的改变、设施的增加等经济损失,以及失业损失、转型损失等非经济损失,对此进行综合评估后形成补偿标准。对于搬迁(或关闭)企业的补偿,按照其资产评估价格进行补偿;对于生产限制的企业,其补偿标准确定要综合考量企业规模、行业以及受限程度等,确定补偿系数;对于转产企业,要综合考虑转产成本、机会成本等经济损失以及失业、行业风险等非经济损失,进行综合评估后形成补偿标准。对于生态移民的补偿标准要综合参照移入地的居住、生活标准以及移出地的收入水平和生活水平来确定;对于生活受限居民的生态补偿包括生活方式改变、就业转业训练及辅导等无形补偿,以及控制非点源污染的设施建设等有形补偿。论文还以云蒙湖为例,对其保护区范围内的被征收耕地的生态补偿标准进行了估算。通过估算得出,2010年云蒙湖水库耕地的总价值为29.05万元/亩,其中耕地社会保障价值为19.29万元/亩,接近经济价值的2倍,超过征地补偿总额的一半(约占土地总补偿额度的66.4%),这说明现行征地补偿标准虽然兼顾了土地补偿费、安置补助费等补偿,但是补偿标准过低,并未包含耕地所承载的巨大社会保障价值。(4)水源地保护区生态补偿方式的选择。不同的利益主体,其适合的生态补偿方式也会有所不同。本文分别对土地利用、经营企业和居民生活三种情况的补偿方式进行了分析。针对土地利用管制情况下的生态补偿方式,可以选择土地收储和发展权转移补偿方式。对于需要搬迁或关闭企业,可采用资金补偿的方式以及土地置换的方式,支持和鼓励企业搬离水源地,以寻求更大的发展空间;对于限产及转产的企业,政府可以采用税收优惠、土地利用优惠等政策措施,间接地对企业进行补偿。对于迁出水源地保护区的生态移民,可采用资金补偿的方式;对于水源地保护区的居民,可在教育、生活等方面采用智力培训、就业培训等形式,帮助其提高就业能力。(5)水源地保护区生态补偿的保障机制。论文从立法保障、资金筹集和协调管理三个方面,分别探讨了建立和完善水源地保护区生态补偿的保障机制。建立水源地保护区生态补偿制度,首先要有立法保障,需要在法律框架下,明确水源地保护区生态补偿原则、主体、标准、内容、利益相关方的权责、补偿金的利用和管理等,以此作为水源地保护区利益相关者的生态补偿法律依据;在资金筹集方面,可以从地方资金预算、上级财政补贴、受益者付费课取税捐、水源地经营收入以及社会捐赠等渠道筹集;在部门协调方面,要建立专门的水源地保护区生态补偿协调机构,以保障水源地生态补偿目标的实现。
[Abstract]:The protection area of the water source area is a region designated by the state for the special protection of the water source area. Its establishment can protect and improve the ecological environment of the water source area, alleviate a series of environmental pollution problems caused by the high economic growth and ensure the safety of water, thus promote the comprehensive and sustainable development of the economy and society. In a certain degree, water safety is guaranteed, but there are many hidden dangers. One of the most important problems is how to solve the problem of survival and ecology of the residents in the protected area. It is the core content of establishing and perfecting the ecological compensation mechanism of China's basin, and has become an important means and urgent need to protect the ecological security of water resources in the basin and to solve the imbalance of economic and social development. This paper, based on the theory of special sacrifice and stakeholder theory, discusses the aspects of reducing the destruction of the ecological environment. The compensation range, compensation standard and compensation mode of the landholders, enterprises and residents in the protection area of the water source are discussed. The main contents include: (1) the investigation and analysis of the ecological compensation in the protection area of the water source area. The establishment of the protected area will inevitably affect the production, life and social and economic development of the local residents. In this paper, we designed a questionnaire with the method of conditional value assessment, selected 12 cities and cities in Shandong and other provinces to carry out a field survey, and got 645 valid questionnaires in the first class, the two level and the quasi protected areas, and aimed at the local residents' cognition to the protection area and the ecological compensation status. And the satisfaction of the existing ecological compensation is analyzed. Through the analysis, it is found that the residents of the water source protection area have a good understanding of the protection area and the protection of the ecological environment; the current ecological compensation coverage mainly involves the first level protection area; most of the local people are not satisfied with the existing compensation standards, through the establishment of regression. The model found that the age of the respondents, the annual income of the family, the types of protected areas and the compensation standards have a significant impact on the satisfaction of ecological compensation. (2) to define the subject and object of ecological compensation in the water source protection area and the scope of compensation. First, the stakeholders and their interests in the ecological compensation of the water source protection area are identified and divided. Analysis, and through the establishment of a game model, further analysis of the behavior of the stakeholders of the selection. On this basis, the scope of compensation is defined from three aspects of land use, business enterprise and resident life. The control of land use in the water source protection area is based on increasing public interest, so if it is to increase the public interest, Such land use control causes damage to the owners of land owners in the region beyond general social responsibility, which requires compensation and vice versa; for enterprises in the protected areas, in order to protect the ecological environment, enterprises need to be relocated, closed or reproduced to limit production, which have caused enterprise efficiency to the enterprise's restrictive behavior. As for the residents of the protected areas, the residents of the protected areas should be divided into ecological migration and living limited residents, which should be determined in accordance with the types of their restrictions. (3) the accounting of the ecological compensation standard for the protection area of the water source area. The accounting of the compensation standard is the difficulty and key of the ecological compensation. After the compensation range, the compensation standards under the three circumstances, such as the prohibition of land use and the change of land use, are calculated. The prohibition of land use is required by the government and the landowners to compensate for the property rights. The compensation standard is formed in two ways: one is the standard formed by the assessment of the land value by the third party. Two is to refer to the price of the same kind of land market; limit land use to determine the compensation coefficient of land limitation according to the different degree of limitation. The annual compensation amount can be calculated using the present value of the land, the land area and the compensation coefficient of the land limitation; the change of land use should be taken into consideration to reduce the output after the land use change. The changes in the way, the increase of the facilities and other economic losses, as well as the loss of unemployment, the loss of the transformation, and other non economic losses, form a compensation standard after a comprehensive assessment. Compensation for the relocation or closure of the enterprise is made in accordance with the valuation price of its assets; for the enterprises of the production limit, the compensation standard is determined to take a comprehensive consideration of the scale of the enterprise, The compensation coefficient is determined by the industry and the degree of limitation. For the transfer enterprises, the compensation standards should be formed after comprehensive assessment of non economic losses such as transfer cost, opportunity cost and other economic losses, as well as unemployment, industry risk and other non economic losses. The compensation standard for ecological migration should be based on the living standards of the migratory land, the living standards and the emigration. The income level and the living standard are determined; the ecological compensation for the restricted residents includes the change of life style, the intangible compensation of employment transfer training and guidance, and the construction of the facilities for controlling the non point source pollution. The paper also takes the Yunnan Mongolia Lake as an example to make the ecological compensation standard for the cultivated land in the scope of the protected area. It is estimated that the total value of the arable land of the lake Mun Lake Reservoir in 2010 is 290 thousand and 500 yuan per mu, and the social security value of the cultivated land is 192 thousand and 900 yuan per mu, which is close to 2 times the economic value, more than half of the total compensation for land expropriation (about 66.4% of the total amount of land compensation), which shows that the current compensation standard for land expropriation takes account of the land compensation. Fees, resettlement subsidies and other compensation, but the compensation standard is too low, does not include the great social security value that the cultivated land carries. (4) the choice of ecological compensation in the protection area of the water source area. The different interests of the main body and the suitable ecological compensation methods will be different. This article has three cases of land use, business enterprise and resident life respectively. In view of the ecological compensation mode under the condition of land use control, we can choose the way of land storage and development right transfer compensation. For the need to move or close the enterprise, the way of capital compensation and the way of land replacement can be adopted to support and encourage enterprises to move away from the water source, in order to seek more space for development; For enterprises that limit and transfer production, the government can adopt tax incentives and land use preferential policies and other policies and measures to compensate the enterprises indirectly. For the ecological migrants who have moved out of the protected areas of the water source, the way of capital compensation can be adopted; for the residents of the protection area of the water source area, the intellectual training and employment training can be adopted in the aspects of education and life. And other forms to help them improve their employability. (5) the protection mechanism of ecological compensation in the protection area of water source. From three aspects of legislative guarantee, fund raising and coordination and management, this paper discusses the establishment and improvement of the protection mechanism of ecological compensation in the protection area of water source area. Under the legal framework, the ecological compensation principle of the water source protection area, the main body, the standard, the content, the rights and responsibilities of the stakeholders, the utilization and management of the compensation are used as the legal basis for the ecological compensation of the stakeholders of the protection area of the water source area. In the aspect of fund raising, it can be taken from the local capital budget, the superior financial subsidy and beneficiary Fu Feike. In order to ensure the realization of the ecological compensation target of the water source land, we should establish a special ecological compensation coordination institution for the protection area of the water source land.
【学位授予单位】：山东农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：TU991.15

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