锡林郭勒盟生态移民的困境与对策思考

发布时间：2018-07-29 10:18

【摘要】：生态移民工程具有很强的政策性引导,涉及范围广影响力强,可以说生态移民反映的是人与人、人与社会、人与自然、代内与代际间的复杂关系。锡林郭勒盟位于中国正北部,内蒙古自治区中部,境内大部属于草原牧区,是中国北方干旱—半干旱草原的典型区,是我国草地类型齐全植被种类丰富的草原地区。由于气候变化和人类在土地利用上不合理活动,使内蒙古草原的生态环境发生严重退化,退化的草地和荒废的耕地成为北部地区沙尘暴的主要源头。2000年前后数次大规模的沙尘天气,让人们意识到北部环境恶化带来的后果,因此中央和地方政府启动京津风沙源区治理等工程。截止2012年,锡林郭勒盟累计转移生态移民22.5万人。转移后牧民的生产方式和生活方式发生巨大变化,遇到的问题是多样复杂的。移民的生活状况、就业状况、移民子女受教育状况、移民群体的安置与社会保障,以及移民适应状况和文化状况在搬迁后能否有正向的转变,政府政策是否达到预期的目标,政府安置工作是否满足移民需要,有待我们进一步研究。本文从界定锡林郭勒盟生态移民性质出发,梳理了生态移民的理论基础,对国内外相关研究进行了综述,分析了锡林郭勒盟生态移民的特点,为后文的调研提供理论依据。本文试图厘清锡林郭勒盟实施生态移民工程以来政策变化对移民的影响,通过笔者在锡林郭勒盟多地走访调研的案例分析,整理生态移民在安置过程中面临的问题,借鉴其他地区生态移民的经验,结合理论指导和实践分析,对生态移民安置机制与补偿机制有了更深的认识,即在生态移民基本保障与完备补偿的基础上,消费性补偿不能使生态移民得到可持续发展,能力贫困是制约生态移民发展的重要因素。因此本文以关注如何给予生态移民可持续发展保障,从政策扶持与安置配置角度出发提出对策思考。从移民的贫困与安生、教育、就业、社会保障、文化五方面提出锡林郭勒盟生态移民面临的困境及解决对策,针对锡林郭勒盟生态移民补偿工作效率提升提出设想,对草原生态移民运行机制的构建提出些思考,对锡林郭勒盟生态移民和草原生态移民工程发展进行展望。
[Abstract]:Ecological migration project has a strong policy guidance, involving a wide range of strong influence, it can be said that ecological migration reflects the complex relationship between man and person, between man and society, between man and nature, between generations and between generations. The Xilingol League is located in the north of China and in the central part of Inner Mongolia Autonomous region. It is a typical arid and semi-arid grassland area in northern China and is rich in grassland types. As a result of climate change and unreasonable human activities in land use, the ecological environment of Inner Mongolia grassland has been seriously degraded. Degraded grasslands and wasteland have become the main source of sandstorms in the north. A number of large-scale sandstorms around 2000 have made people aware of the consequences of environmental degradation in the north, Therefore, the central and local governments started Beijing-Tianjin sand-source area management and other projects. As of 2012, Xilingol League has transferred 225000 ecological migrants. After the transfer, the herdsmen's mode of production and lifestyle have changed greatly, and the problems encountered are diverse and complex. The living conditions of migrants, the employment situation, the educational status of their children, the resettlement and social security of migrant groups, whether there are positive changes in the adaptation and cultural status of migrants after the relocation, and whether government policies have achieved the desired objectives, Whether the resettlement of the government meets the needs of immigrants needs further study. Based on the definition of the nature of ecological migration in the Xilingol League, this paper combs the theoretical basis of ecological migration, summarizes the relevant studies at home and abroad, and analyzes the characteristics of ecological migration in the Xilingol League, which provides a theoretical basis for the subsequent research. This paper attempts to clarify the impact of policy changes on immigrants since the implementation of the ecological migration project in Xilingol League. Through the case study of the author's many visits to the Xilingol League, the problems faced by ecological migrants in the process of resettlement are sorted out. Drawing lessons from the experience of other regions, combining with theoretical guidance and practical analysis, we have a deeper understanding of the resettlement mechanism and compensation mechanism of ecological migrants, that is, on the basis of the basic protection and complete compensation of ecological migrants. Consumption compensation can not make ecological migrants get sustainable development. Ability poverty is an important factor restricting the development of ecological migrants. Therefore, this paper focuses on how to guarantee the sustainable development of ecological migrants, and puts forward some countermeasures from the perspective of policy support and placement. From the aspects of poverty, education, employment, social security and culture of immigrants, this paper puts forward the difficulties and solutions faced by ecological immigrants in Xilingul League, and puts forward some ideas to improve the efficiency of compensation for ecological migrants in Xilingol League. This paper puts forward some thoughts on the construction of the operational mechanism of grassland ecological migration, and prospects the development of ecological migration and grassland ecological migration project in Xilinguole League.
【学位授予单位】：湖北大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D632.4

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