宋代东南乡村经济的变迁与乡村治理研究

发布时间：2018-01-27 03:13

本文关键词： 宋代东南地区乡村商品经济乡村治理　出处：《云南大学》2012年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：宋代东南乡村经济变迁指乡村商品经济的发展,其变迁根源于土地制度的变革,宋代土地私有制确立,土地经营制上租佃制取代自耕制,由于地权关系的深刻变化,租佃制度成为乡村农业经营的主导方式,租佃制度是有效率的土地经营制度,推动了乡村商品经济的迅速成长,出现了农产品商品化及商品性生产的潮流。粮食商品化,成为大宗农业商品,茶叶、果木、养殖、蚕桑副业等商品性生产获得了前所未有的发展。随着乡村商品经济的发展,造成了诸多新的社会矛盾,表现为贫富分化、对立加剧,赋役口趋不均,社会流动增强,道德失范突出等状况,贫富分化和对立是其集中表现,乡村财富流溢的同时面临秩序重建的问题。对此,国家和社会力量从不同层面进行了调整和治理,国家层面的调整治理的措施主要有“限田”和“赋税”改革措施；地方基层官员则通过劝农活动,对农业生产和租佃关系进行协调；但其治理措施总体上败多成少。社会力量起而弥补国家治理的不足,“富民”地主阶层参与乡村治理,主要是在国家救荒中充当主角,起到了相当的协调作用；宋代民间更发展出“义田”、“义役、“社仓”等血缘性、地缘性经济合作互助组织,这些经济组织的产权性质,本质上都是小集体公共产权属性,宋代民众希望借重其公共产权关系之上所凝集的社会力量,来解决和对抗私人产权关系带来的弊端和问题,这些民间经济互助组织也发挥了一定的调节作用,使宋代乡村的经济社会秩序一定程度上得以修补,但国家的不当干预及富有阶层存在的阶级局限性,使其秩序重建难以逃脱“良法美意,岁久生弊”的历史命运,宋代乡村社会在富裕和不安定的两极摇摆中逐渐落幕。值得注意的是宋代社会力量参与乡村治理和秩序重建,都足在国家引导和管理的前提下进行的,还难以达到“自治”的程度。国家的管理和引导的得当与否是社会力量参与秩序重建,发挥有效作用的关键,对富裕阶层参与救荒,往往要国家强制力的干预才能实现,而对民间自发形成的经济互助组织,则国家反而要尊重其自主性,保障其小集体产权的完整性和独立性才能使其发挥效能。
[Abstract]:The change of rural economy in the southeast of Song Dynasty refers to the development of rural commodity economy. Its vicissitude is rooted in the change of land system. The private ownership of land was established in Song Dynasty, and the tenancy system replaced the self-tillage system in the land management system. Because of the profound change of the land right relationship, the tenancy system has become the dominant mode of rural agricultural management, and the tenancy system is an efficient land management system, which has promoted the rapid growth of the rural commodity economy. There appeared the trend of commercialization and commodity production of agricultural products. The commercialization of grain became a major agricultural commodity, tea, fruit and wood, and aquaculture. With the development of rural commodity economy, it has caused many new social contradictions, such as the polarization between the rich and the poor, the aggravation of the opposition, and the unevenness of the tax service. The social mobility is strengthened, the moral is out of order and so on, the polarization between the rich and the poor and the opposites are its concentrated performance, and the rural wealth is overflowing and facing the problem of the reconstruction of order at the same time. The national and social forces have carried on the adjustment and the governance from the different level, the adjustment and governance measures of the national level mainly include "limited farmland" and "tax" reform measures; The local grassroots officials coordinated the relationship between agricultural production and tenancy through persuading agricultural activities; But on the whole, the measures of governance are more and less. The social forces make up for the deficiency of national governance, and the "rich people" landlords participate in rural governance, mainly acting as the protagonists in the national famine relief, which plays a coordinating role; In the Song Dynasty, the folk developed "Yidan", "Yijun", "social warehouse" and other consanguinity, geographical economic cooperation and mutual aid organizations, the property rights of these economic organizations, in essence, are the attributes of small collective public property rights. The people of Song Dynasty hope to use their social power which is agglomerated on the relation of public property right to solve and confront the malpractice and problems brought about by the relation of private property right, and these folk economic mutual aid organizations have also played a regulating role. To some extent, the rural economic and social order of the Song Dynasty can be repaired, but the improper intervention of the state and the class limitations of the rich class make it difficult to escape the "good law and beauty" in the reconstruction of the order. The historical fate of "long years of malpractice", the Song Dynasty rural society in the wealth and instability of the bipolar swing gradually ended, it is worth noting that the Song Dynasty social forces to participate in rural governance and order reconstruction. It is difficult to achieve the degree of "autonomy" under the premise of the guidance and management of the state. Whether the management and guidance of the state is proper or not is the key for social forces to participate in the reconstruction of order and play an effective role. For rich people to participate in famine relief, it is often necessary for the state to intervene in a coercive way, while the state should respect the autonomy of the economic mutual aid organizations formed spontaneously by the people. Only by safeguarding the integrity and independence of its small collective property rights can it exert its effectiveness.
【学位授予单位】：云南大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K244;C912.82

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